'A private fortress ... would 'It was the first fortress which seem even stranger to us now was raised in England for the than it seemed to our indulgence of private insolence forefathers when Richard the and greed, and not for the son of Scrob raised the first protection of Englishmen; it was castle on English ground' to be the first of many, and the (_Norm. Conq._, v. 640). evil deeds which Richard's men wrought were a foretaste of the evil times when fortresses such as his were common in the land' (_Norman Britain_, p. 64). Mr Hunt, therefore, survives to defend the position.] [Footnote 24: Vol. ii., p. 345.] [Footnote 25: Vol. i., p. 747.] [Footnote 26: About 849; Alfret Machtiern, 868; Alfritus tyrannus, 871; Alfrit presbyter, 872; filius Alurit, 879.] [Footnote 27: Gesta Stephani.] [Footnote 28: iii. (2nd ed.) 780; iv. 214.] [Footnote 29: See the Lindsey Survey.] [Footnote 30: _Ramsey Cartulary_, iii. 167.] [Footnote 31: _Ramsey Cartulary_, i. 208, ii. 74. _Domesday_, i. 346_b_.] [Footnote 32: iii. (2nd ed.) 780.] [Footnote 33: iv. (1st ed.) 457.] [Footnote 34: _Ibid._, 778-80. Mr Freeman spoke of him as 'a kind of centre' for the inquiry, and stated that in Domesday 346_b_ we have 'Turoldus vicecomes' as a benefactor of Spalding priory. This is an error, for the words there are 'dedit S. Gutlaco' (_i.e._ Crowland). He also urged that 'we must not forget the Crowland tradition' about him 'preserved by the false Ingulf'. But the fact is that 'Ingulf' made him into _two_ (1) 'Thuroldus Vicecomes Lincoln', whose benefaction to Crowland (D.B., i. 346_b_) was confirmed in 806 (!) and subsequently (pp. 6, 9, 15, 19), (2) 'quidam vicecomes Lincolniæ, dictus Thoroldus ... de genere et cognatione illius vicedomini Thoroldi qui quondam', etc. (p. 65). It is the one living in '1051', to whom the Spalding foundation was assigned.] [Footnote 35: _Memorials of St Edmund's Abbey_, i. 63-4. Herman wrote from personal knowledge.] [Footnote 36: There are plenty of instances of this practice, as at Exeter, Salisbury, Gloucester, Leicester, etc.]