TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=. Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at the end of each chapter. A superscript is denoted by ^x or ^{xx}, for example 2^e. Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ⅓ ¼ etc; other fractions are shown in the form a/b, for example 63/100 or 40-6/10. The tables in this book are best viewed using a monospace font. Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book. [Illustration] Fields, Factories and Workshops OR INDUSTRY COMBINED WITH AGRICULTURE AND BRAIN WORK WITH MANUAL WORK BY P. KROPOTKIN [Illustration: (decorative icon)] NEW, REVISED, AND ENLARGED EDITION G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON 1913 PREFACE. Fourteen years have passed since the first edition of this book was published, and in revising it for this new edition I found at my disposal an immense mass of new materials, statistical and descriptive, and a great number of new works dealing with the different subjects that are treated in this book. I have thus had an excellent opportunity to verify how far the previsions that I had formulated when I first wrote this book have been confirmed by the subsequent economical evolution of the different nations. This verification permits me to affirm that the economical tendencies that I had ventured to foreshadow then have only become more and more definite since. Everywhere we see the same decentralisation of industries going on, new nations continually entering the ranks of those which manufacture for the world market. Each of these new-comers endeavours to develop, and succeeds in developing, on its own territory the principal industries, and thus frees itself from being exploited by other nations, more advanced in their technical evolution. All nations have made a remarkable progress in this direction, as will be seen from the new data that are given in this book.