This serves to "deny competitors enough residual demand". Residual demand, as we previously explained, causes firms to be efficient. Once efficient, they develop enough power to "credibly retaliate" and thereby "enforce an orderly expansion process" to prevent overcapacity Create "switching" costs. - Through legislation, bureaucracy, control of the media, cornering advertising space in the media, controlling infrastructure, owning intellectual property, owning, controlling or intimidating distribution channels and suppliers and so on. Impose vertical "price squeezes". - By owning, controlling, colluding with, or intimidating suppliers and distributors, marketing channels and wholesale and retail outlets into not collaborating with the competition. Practice vertical integration (buying suppliers and distribution and marketing channels). This has the following effects: The firm gains a "tap (access) into technology" and marketing information in an adjacent industry. It defends itself against a supplier's too-high or even realistic prices. It defends itself against foreclosure, bankruptcy and restructuring or reorganization. Owning suppliers means that the supplies do not cease even when payment is not affected, for instance. It "protects proprietary information from suppliers" - otherwise the firm might have to give outsiders access to its technology, processes, formulas and other intellectual property. It raises entry and mobility barriers against competitors. This is why the State should legislate and act against any purchase, or other types of control of suppliers and marketing channels which service competitors and thus enhance competition. It serves to "prove that a threat of full integration is credible" and thus intimidate competitors. Finally, it gets "detailed cost information" in an adjacent industry (but doesn't integrate it into a "highly competitive industry"). "Capture distribution outlets" by vertical integration to "increase barriers". 'Consolidate' the Industry Send "signals" to threaten, bluff, preempt, or collude with competitors. Use a "fighting brand" (a low-price brand used only for price-cutting). Use "cross parry" (retaliate in another part of a competitor's market). Harass competitors with antitrust suits and other litigious techniques. Use "brute force" ("massed resources" applied "with finesse") to attack competitors or use "focal points" of pressure to collude with competitors on price. "Load up customers" at cut-rate prices to "deny new entrants a base" and force them to "withdraw" from market. Practice "buyer selection," focusing on those that are the most "vulnerable" (easiest to overcharge) and discriminating against and for certain types of consumers. "Consolidate" the industry so as to "overcome industry fragmentation".