_Observed Fraternal Couplets._ +----------------------------------------------------+ | | A children. | Totals in | | B children. |----------------------| B children. | | |Arches.|Loops.|Whorls.| | |--------------|-------|------|-------|--------------| |Arches | 5 | 12 | 2 | _19_ | | |-------+------| | | |Loops | 4 | 42 | 15 | _61_ | | |-------|------|-------| | |Whorls | 1 | 14 | 10 | _25_ | |--------------|-------+------+-------|--------------| |Totals in A } | | | | | | children } | _10_ | _68_ | _27_ | 105 | +----------------------------------------------------+ The squares that run diagonally from the top at the left, to the bottom at the right, contain the double events, and it is with these that we are now concerned. Are the entries in those squares larger or not than the randoms, calculated as above, viz. the values of 10 x 19, 68 x 61, 27 x 25, all divided by 105? The calculated Randoms are shown in the first line of Table XXIII., the third line gives the greatest feasible number of correspondences which would occur if the kinship were as close as possible, subject to the reservation explained in p. 127. As there shown, the _lower_ of the A and B values is taken in each case, for Arches, Loops, and Whorls respectively. TABLE XXIII. +----------------------------------------------+ | | A and B both being | | |----------------------------| | | Arches. | Loops. | Whorls. | |-----------------|---------|--------|---------| | Random | 1.7 | 37.6 | 6.2 | | Observed | 5.0 | 42.0 | 10.0 | | Utmost feasible | 10.0 | 61.0 | 25.0 | +----------------------------------------------+ In every instance, the Observed values are seen to exceed the Random. Many other cases of this description were calculated, all yielding the same general result, but these results are not as satisfactory as can be wished, owing to their dilution by inappropriate cases, the A. L. W. system being somewhat artificial. [Illustration: PLATE 16. FIG. 24. The "C" set of standard patterns, for prints of the Right Hand.] With the view of obtaining a more satisfactory result the patterns were subdivided under fifty-three heads, and an experiment was made with the fore, middle, and ring-fingers of 150 fraternal couplets (300 individuals and 900 digits) by Mr. F. Howard Collins, who kindly undertook the considerable labour of indexing and tabulating them.