[This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) text readers: Ē ā ē ī ō ū (vowel with macron or “long” mark) Ă Ĕ Ĭ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ (vowel with breve or “short” mark) Ś ś ć (s, c with “acute”: mainly in Recording Indian Languages article) ⁿ (small raised n, representing nasalized vowel) ɔ ʞ ʇ (inverted letters) ‖ (double vertical line There are also a handful of Greek words. Some compromises were made to accommodate font availability: The ordinary “cents” sign ¢ was used in place of the correct form ȼ, and bracketed [¢] represents the capital letter Ȼ. Turned c is represented by ɔ (technically an open o). Bracketed [K] and [T] represent upside-down (turned) capital K and T. Inverted V (described in text) is represented by the Greek letter Λ. If your computer has a more appropriate character, feel free to replace letters globally. Syllable stress is represented by an acute accent either on the main vówel or after the syl´lable; inconsistencies are unchanged. Except for special characters noted above, and obvious insertions such as [Illustration] and [Footnote], brackets are in the original. Note that in the Sign Language article, hand positions identified by letter (A, B ... W, Y) are descriptive; they do not represent a “finger alphabet”. Italics are shown with _lines_. Boldface (rare) is shown with +marks+; in some articles the same notation is used for +small capitals+. The First Annual Report includes ten “Accompanying Papers”, all available from Project Gutenberg as individual e-texts. Except for Yarrow’s “Mortuary Customs”, updated shortly before the present text, the separate articles were released between late 2005 and late 2007. For this combined e-text they have been re-formatted for consistency. Some articles have been further modified to include specialized characters shown above, and a few more typographical errors have been corrected. For consistency with later Annual Reports, a full List of Illustrations has been added after the Table of Contents, and each article has been given its own Table of Contents. In the original, the Contents were printed _only_ at the beginning of the volume, and Illustrations were listed _only_ with their respective articles. Errors and inconsistencies are listed separately at the end of each article and after the combined Index. Differences in punctuation or hyphenization between the Table of Contents, Index, or List of Illustrations, and the item itself, are not noted.] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FIRST ANNUAL REPORT of the BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1879-’80 by J. W. POWELL Director [Illustration]