First notions of logic (preparatory to the study of geometry)De Morgan, Augustus
Philosophy
First notions of logic (preparatory to the study of geometry)
De Morgan, Augustus
Logic
Every A is X Every B is X │Some A is X Some B is X
Every X is B Every X is A │No X is B No X is A
———————————— ———————————— │———————————————— ————————————————
Every A is B Every B is A │Some A is not B Some B is not A
│
Every A is X Every B is X │Every A is X Every B is X
No X is B No X is A │Some B is not X Some A is not X
———————————— ———————————— │———————————————— ————————————————
No A is B No B is A │Some B is not A Some A is not B
│
Some A is X Some B is X │Every X is A Every X is B
Every X is B Every X is A │Some X is not B Some X is not A
———————————— ———————————— │———————————————— ————————————————
Some A is B Some B is A │Some A is not B Some B is not A
In the list of page 19, there was nothing but recapitulation of forms,
each form admitting a variation by interchanging A and B. This
interchange having been made, and the results collected as above, if we
take every case in which B is the predicate, or can be made the
predicate by allowable conversion, we have a collection of all possible
_weakest_ forms in which the result is one of the four ‘Every A is B,’
‘No A is B,’ ‘Some A is B,’ ‘Some A is not B’; as follows. The premises
are written in what appeared the most natural order, without distinction
of major or minor; and the letters prefixed are according to the forms
of the several premises, as in page 10.
A Every A is X
U Every X is B
————————————
A Every A is B
I Some A is X I Some B is X
U Every X is B U Every X is A
———————————— ————————————
I Some A is B I Some A is B
A Every A is X A Every B is X
E No B is X E No A is X
———————————— ————————————
E No A is B E No A is B
I Some A is X A Every B is X U Every X is A
E No B is X O Some A is not X Y Some X is not B
———————————————— ———————————————— ————————————————
O Some A is not B O Some A is not B O Some A is not B
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