Geology of the Mississippi Valley--Ohio Cliffs--The Iron Coffin--"Battery Rock"--"Rock-Inn-Cave"--Origin of Name--{x} A Visit--Outlines and Dimensions--The Indian _Manito_--Island opposite--The Freebooters--"The Outlaw"--The Counterfeiters-- Their Fate--Ford and his Gang--Retributive Justice--"Tower Rock"--The Tradition--The Cave of Hieroglyphics--Islands-- Golconda--The Cumberland--Aaron Burr's Island--Paducah--Name-- Ruins of Fort Massac--The Legend--Wilkinsonville--The "Grand Chain"--Caledonia--A Storm--Sunset--"The Meeting of the Waters"--Characteristics of the Rivers--"Willow Point"--The place of Meeting--Disappointment--A Utopian City--America 70 V Darkness Visible--The "Father of Waters"--The Power of Steam-- The Current--"English Island"--The Sabbath--A Blessed Appointment--Its Quietude--The New-England Emigrant--His Privations--Sorrows--Loneliness--"The Light of Home"--Cape Girardeau--Site--Settlement--Effects of the Earthquakes-- A severer Shock--Staples of Trade--The Spiral Water-wheels-- Their Utility--"Tyowapity Bottom"--Potter's Clay-- A Manufactory--_Rivière au Vase_--Salines--Coal-beds-- "Fountain Bluff"--The "Grand Tower"--Parapet of Limestone-- Ancient Cataract--The Cliffs--Divinity of the Boatmen-- The "Devil's Oven"--The "Tea-table"--Volcanic and Diluvial Action--The Torrent overcome--A Race--Breathless Interest-- The Engineer--The Fireman--Last of the "Horse and Alligator" species--"Charon"--A Triumph--A Defeat 82 VI Navigation of the Mississippi--The First Appropriation-- Improvements of Capt. Shreve--Mississippi and Ohio Scenery contrasted--Alluvial Deposites--Ste. Genevieve--Origin--Site-- The _Haunted_ Ruin--The old "Common Field"--Inundation of '85--Minerals--Quarries--Sand-caves--Fountains--Salines-- Indians--Ancient Remains--View of Ste. Genevieve--Landing-- Outrage of a Steamer--Indignation--The Remedy--A Snag and a Scene--An Interview with "Charon"--Fort Chartres 93 {xi} VII The Hills! the Hills!--Trosachs of Loch Katrine--Alluvial Action--Bluffs of Selma and Herculaneum--Shot-towers--Natural Curiosities--The "Cornice Cliffs"--The Merrimac--Its Riches--Ancient Lilliputian Graves--Mammoth Remains--Jefferson Barracks--Carondelet--Cahokia--U. S. Arsenal--St. Louis in the Distance--Fine View--Uproar of the Landing--The Eternal River--Character--Features--Sublimity--Statistics--The Lower Mississippi--"Bends"--"Cut-offs"--Land-slips--The Pioneer Cabin 102 VIII