=rugose=, wrinkled. =runcinate=, pinnatifid with the lobes pointing downwards. =runner=, a prostrate branch, rooting at places. =saccate=, bag-like. =sagittate=, applied to a leaf the basal lobes or auricles point downwards like the barbs of an arrow. =samara=, a winged fruit. =sarcocarp=, the fleshy layer in certain fruits. =scabrous= or =scabrid=, rough to the touch. =scales=, leaves much reduced in size, but having neither colour nor functions of leaves; also circular disc-like hairs. =scandent=, climbing. =scape=, a naked peduncle springing apparently from the root. =scarious=, thin and more or less translucent, not green. =scorpioid= inflorescence, a cymose compound inflorescence, in which, by the abortion of one of the branches in each of the successive subsidiary cymes, always on the same side, the inflorescence becomes curled up somewhat like a scorpion’s tail; _e.g._, =Boraginaceæ=. =-sect=, cut completely to the base, _e.g._, =pinnatisect= when the lobes of a simple leaf are cut down to the midrib. =secund=, when all the leaves or flowers are turned to the same side of the stem. =sepal=, one of the leaves forming the calyx. =serrate=, sawlike, applied to the teeth on the margin of a leaf, the point of which is sharp and the sides unequal. =serrulate=, finely serrate. =sessile=, having no stalk. =seta=, a bristle. =setaceous= or =setose=, bristly. =sheath=, the dilated petiole of a leaf when it encloses the stem for some distance above the node, _e.g._, =Grasses=, some =Umbelliferæ=, etc. =shrub=, a woody plant over 3 ft. high, which naturally branches into several stems from near the ground; a plant with a single stem, but too small to be classed as a tree is known as an =arborescent shrub=. =siliqua=, a linear pod divided into 2 cells by a thin membranous partition, from which the valves generally separate at maturity. When the pod is short and broad it is called a =silicule=. Both are characteristic of the =Cruciferæ=. =simple=, applied to a leaf means that it is not subdivided into leaflets, and to an inflorescence when the main floral axis only bears single flowers and not subsidiary inflorescences. =sinuate=, or =wavy= when the margins of a leaf have a wavy outline, like an oak-leaf. =sinus=, the space between the teeth or lobes of a leaf. =spadix=, a fleshy spike as in the =Araceæ=. =spathe=, a sheath-like bract enclosing the flower of some Monocotyledons, _e.g._, in =Araceæ=. =spathulate=, ladle-shaped, _i.e._, broad in the short upper part and contracted below. =spike=, a simple inflorescence bearing sessile flowers along the axis. =spikelet=, applied to the small clusters of flowers in =Sedges= and =Grasses= enclosed within one or more glumes. =spine=, a woody persistent thorn. =spur=, a conical hollow projection in the tube or lower part of a petal, _e.g._, in some =Scrophulariaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=. =squamæ=, see scales.