=tubercled= or =tuberculate=, covered with roundish knobby projections. =tumid=, inflated, swollen. =turbinate=, top-shaped. =umbel=, an inflorescence in which the flowers radiate from a common point on stalks of about the same lengths. =umbellule=, a subsidiary umbel in a compound umbel. =umbonate=, with a boss as on a shield. =uncinate=, hooked. =undershrub=, a woody plant less than 3 ft. in height. =undulate=, applied to margins of leaves which without being cut out rise and fall like waves. =unguiculate=, clawed, applied to a stalked petal. =unisexual=, of one sex only, applied to flowers which have stamens and no pistil or _vice versa_. =urceolate=, urn-shaped. =utricle=, the pericarp of a nut when it is thin and loose. =valvate=, applied to the æstivation of a corolla means that in bud the petals or lobes are arranged edge to edge without overlapping. =valves=, these are (_a_) the segments into which a capsule splits on becoming ripe; (_b_) the bracts between the glumes and the =paleæ= (or =valvules=) in the flowers of =Grasses=. =valvules= (or =paleæ=), 2-nerved, hyaline bracts situated between the valves (see above) and the =lodicules=. =ventricose=, swelling or inflated. =verrucose=, covered by wart-like lumps. =versatile=, applied to anthers which are attached by one point on their backs to the tips of the filaments so as to swing loosely. =verticil=, whorl. =villous=, having long, soft hairs, shaggy. =virgate=, twiggy. =viscous= or =viscid=, giving out a sticky secretion. =vittæ=, linear vesicles, filled with oil, in the pericarp of =Umbelliferæ=. =wavy=, see =undulate=, also applied to =sinuate=. =whorl= or =verticil=, 3 or more leaves or flowers arranged round a stem on the same level. =wing=, (_a_) the prolongation of a fruit or seed into a membrane, (_b_) a thin membrane along the angle of a stem, (_c_) protuberances on the rhachilla of certain =Sedges=. =woolly=, with long loose hairs like wool. CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED IN THIS FLORA =GYMNOSPERMÆ= (p. 48). Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary, no calyx or corolla. Plants palm-like with fusiform or globose stem; leaves pinnate; flowers in cones. =Cycadaceæ= (p. 48). Whip-like shrub or climber with more or less whorled branches; leaves scale-like, connate at the base, flowers spicate. =Gnetaceæ= (p. 48). =ANGIOSPERMÆ=. Ovules enclosed in an ovary; calyx or corolla usually present. =Dicotyledones= (p. 49). Embryo with 2 seed-leaves (cotyledons). Leaves typically net-veined. Vascular bundles of stem usually in a ring. Flowers mostly with parts in 4’s or 5’s—for key to families of this group see p. 16.