Rigid scabrid herb up to 4 ft. high. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, serrulate, scabrous, up to 6 in. long. Cap. hemispherical, many- flowered, dull purple, ¾-1½ in. diam., solitary or in few-headed terminal cymes. Bahr El Jebel (Madi woods). =V. Unionis= _Schultz Bip._ Erect, thinly tomentose herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, upper lanceolate dentate-serrate, up to 6 in. long. Heads many-flowered, rose-purple, ½ in. diam., in a terminal panicled corymb ¼-1 ft. diam. Kassala Prov. (Gallabat). =V. pauciflora= _Less._ GALANVA (Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka. Erect, pubescent annual, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves elongated, acutely attenuate at both ends, serrulate, up to 6 in. long, dull yellowish green. Heads ab. 1 in. across, purple, in a terminal, forking, often leafy, cyme 6-12 in. long, and 3-6 in. wide. Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Zalingei). =V. amygdalina= _Del._ SURIB—Arab; HAIFERET—Rashida; TEIDE (Dilling)—Nuba; SHUGEIT—Hameg. Shrub or small tree. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, narrowed both ends, 4-8 in. long. Cap. ab. 20-flowered, ⅛-¼ in. wide, white, in dense, much branched globose or pyramidal panicles 4-12 in. diam. Red Sea Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra: Wadi Gindi, 7,000 ft.); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post); White Nile, Kordofan & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces. =V. inulæfolia= _Steud._ Erect scabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves ovate, or upper lanceolate, distantly serrulate 1-4 in. long; petioles somewhat clasping at the base, 2 lines long. Heads ab. ½ in. diam., many-flowered, in small terminal corymbs, 1½-3 in. diam. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas). =V. infundibularis= _O._ & _H._ Tall glabrous herb. Leaves linear to linear-oblong, entire, 1-3½ in. long, subsessile. Heads turbinate, many-flowered, 1-1½ in. diam, bluish violet, solitary or few together on peduncles up to 2½ in. long. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near Kulensho). =V. Schweinfurthii= _O._ & _H._ Perennial branching from a woody stock, ab. 1 ft. high. Leaves linear, subsessile, almost glabrous, ½-2 in. long. Heads turbinate- hemispherical, reddish violet, ab. ½ in. diam., on peduncles up to 3 in. long, solitary or in corymbose cymes. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo, Jur & Mittu lands). =V. gerberæformis= _O._ & _H._ Dwarf perennial ab. 6 in. high. Leaves radical, oblanceolate, denticulate, glabrous, 4-6 in. long. Scapes up to 1½ in. long, bearing 1 or more linear bracts. Heads widely-campanulate, ab. 1 in. long, solitary erect. Fl. bluish. Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Addai). =V. Kotschyana= _Sch. Bip._ Tall erect herb. Leaves oblong-elliptical to oblanceolate, 2-6 in. long. Heads 1½-2 in. diam., solitary or in lax terminal cymes; cor. violet; inner scales of invol. wavy-linear-lanceolate, scarious.