Let us look at these pores, or stomata as we must call them, if we want to talk like botanists. One of the stomata is called a “stoma”; stoma comes from the Greek and means a “mouth,” or “opening.” These little mouths, or stomata, are made of two cells lying close together. These cells reach through the skin into an open space back of it. There are open spaces between many of the inner plant cells, and there is always one behind a stoma. There are very few spaces between skin cells, excepting, of course, the openings between the two cells of a stoma. The two cells which make a stoma are called “guard cells,” because they guard the opening into the plant. They are shaped, you see, something like half-moons. When the plant is full of water these half-moons swell up and their edges are drawn apart—so. [Illustration: _x_] This, you see, makes an opening (_x_) into the plant. This little mouth through the skin opens into the space back of the skin, and this space connects with other spaces all through the plant. Through these stomata all parts of the plant can communicate with the outer air. The extra water and other waste materials pass out through the open stomata and air and other gases pass in and out. Now, if the air outside is very dry and the earth is dry so that the roots are not able to send up much water, these wise little guard cells do not swell up and separate. They are too good gatekeepers for that. They straighten out, their edges meet—so—[Illustration: [Cell]] and the opening is closed. Now the water cannot so readily escape and the plant will not wither so soon. In dry climates the stomata are often surrounded by hairs which prevent too rapid evaporation; these hairs are often thick enough to make the plant look woolly. In fact, many plants have hairs upon those parts of the leaves where the stomata are found; they not only prevent too rapid evaporation, but also keep the rain or dew from getting into the stomata and closing them up. They hold off the water so that it cannot wet that part of the leaf. There are a great many stomata on one leaf,—on some kinds as many as thousands to a square inch. Usually, among land plants, there are more on the under side of the leaf, and in very dry places all are on the under side. The sun shining on the upper side would often cause too great evaporation, so the stomata are found underneath. In very hot, dry air there will be a little evaporation, even when the stomata are closed. But when we come to look at leaves that lie on the surface of the water, like water lily leaves, of course the stomata are all on top, as that is the only part of the leaf the air can reach. Many water plants have their stomata above, for you see there is no danger of their water supply running short. It is very important for a plant to keep its pores open and it is quite ingenious in contriving ways to do this. Perhaps hairs are most frequently used.