The first aerial buoy of Montgolfier brothers, in 1783, led to the suggestion of Meussier that two envelopes be used; the inner of an impervious material to prevent gas leakage, and the outer for strength. There was perhaps a foreshadowing of the Zeppelin idea. Captive and drifting balloons were used during the wars of the French Revolution: they became a part of standard equipment in our own War of Secession and in the Franco-Prussian conflict. The years 1906 to 1908 recorded rapid progress in the development of the dirigible: the record-breaking _Zeppelin_ trip was in 1909 and Wellman's _America_ exploit in October, 1910. Unfortunately, dirigibles have had a bad record for stanchness: the _Patrie_, _République_, _Zeppelin_ (_I_ and _II_), _Deutschland_, _Clément-Bayard_--all have gone to that bourne whence no balloon returns. [Illustration: THE ASCENT AT VERSAILLES, 1783 The first balloon carrying living beings in the air] [Illustration: PROPOSED DIRIGIBLE Investors were lacking to bring about the realization of this project] It is gratifying to record that Count Zeppelin's latest machine, the _Deutschland II_, is now in operation. During the present month (April, 1911), flights have been made covering 90 miles and upward at speeds exceeding 20 miles per hour with the wind unfavorable. This balloon is intended for use as a passenger excursion vehicle during the coming summer, under contract with the municipality of Düsseldorf. [Illustration: THE "RÉPUBLIQUE"] At the present moment, Neale, in England, is reported to be building a dirigible for a speed of a hundred miles per hour. The Siemens-Schuckart non-rigid machine, nearly 400 feet long and of 500 horse-power, is being tried out at Berlin: it is said to carry fifty passengers.[A] Fabrice, of Munich, is experimenting with the _Inchard_, with a view to crossing the Atlantic at an early date. Mr. Vaniman, partner of Wellman on the _America_ expedition, is planning a new dirigible which it is proposed to fly across the ocean before July 4. The engine, according to press reports, will develop 200 horse-power, and the envelope will be more elongated than that of the _America_. And meanwhile a Chicago despatch describes a projected fifty-passenger machine, to have a gross lifting power of twenty-five tons! [Illustration: THE FIRST FLIGHT FOR THE GORDON-BENNET CUP. Won by Lieut. Frank P. Lahm, U.S.A., 1906. Figures on the map denote distances in kilometers. The cup has been offered annually by Mr. James Gordon-Bennet for international competition under such conditions as may be prescribed by the International Aeronautic Federation.]