Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and MoralsSumner, William Graham
General
Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals
Sumner, William Graham
Manners and customs
+148. Selection of a predominant ware.+ Crawfurd, in his history
of the Indian Archipelago, mentions a number of different
articles used there as money,--cakes of beeswax, salt, gold dust,
cattle, and tin.[316] The tin coins are small irregular laminae
with a hole in the center, 5600 of them being worth a dollar.
Brass coins which come down from the Buddhist sovereigns of Java
are still met with; also other brass coins introduced by the
Mohammedan sovereigns. In the museum at Vienna copper rings,
bound into a circle, inclosed in a fibrous envelope, are another
form of money. The selection of a predominant ware is shown in
such cases as the one described in Ling Roth.[317] When Low was
at Kiau, in 1851, beads and brass wire were wanted. When others
were there some years later the people all had their hearts set
on brass wire. The Englishmen "distributed a good deal of cloth,
at reasonable rates, in exchange for food and services rendered."
In 1858 they found that even brass wire, unless of very great
size, was despised, and cloth was eagerly desired.
One thing which helped the selection of a predominant ware was
that only a specified article would make peace, atone for a
wrong, compose a quarrel, or ransom a captive. Also various
articles obtained such prestige, on account of age and the glory
of ancestors, that the possession of them conferred authority and
social importance on their owners. Such are porcelain jars in
Borneo, bronze drums in Burma, bronze cannon in the East-Indian
Archipelago. Many African chiefs stored up ivory tusks for social
prestige long before the white men came and gave them value in
world commerce.[318]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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