This danger, which is probably not a very grave one under a reasonably good system of inspection of live animals, may be met by thoroughly cooking all foods of animal origin. It is worth noting that some of the internal organs, as the liver and kidneys, are more likely to contain bacteria than the masses of muscle commonly eaten as "meat." Sausages, from their composition and mode of preparation, and chopped meat ("hamburger steak") are also to be treated with especial care. Consumption of such foods as raw sausage or diseased goose liver (paté de foie gras) involves a relatively high risk. It is true of paratyphoid infection as of most other forms of food poisoning that thorough cooking of food greatly diminishes the likelihood of trouble. Whatever be the precise degree of danger from food infection by healthy paratyphoid-carriers (man or domestic animals), it is obvious that general measures of care and cleanliness will be more or less of a safeguard. As with typhoid fever so all outbreaks of paratyphoid should be thoroughly investigated in order that the sources of infection may be found and eliminated. The possible connection of rats and mice with these outbreaks should furnish an additional incentive to lessen the number of such vermin as well as to adopt measures of protecting food against their visits. FOOTNOTES: [62] _Fleischvergiftungen u. Paratyphusinfektionen_ (Jena, 1910). [63] _Rept. to Local Govt. Board_, N.S. No. 77 (London, 1913). [64] _Zeit. f. Hyg._, XXII (1896), 53. [65] _Brit. Med. Jour._, I (1909), 1171. [66] Bernstein and Fish, _Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc._, LXVI (1916), 167. [67] _Breslau aerztl. Ztschr._, X (1888), 249. [68] Bernstein and Fish, _Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc._, LXVI (1916), 167. [69] _Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges._, XLV (1913), 58-59. [70] _Op. cit._, pp. 60-62. [71] _Jour. Infect. Dis._, XX (1917), 457. [72] _Centralbl. f. Bakt._, I Orig., LIII (1910), 377. [73] _Cor.-Bl. f. schweiz. Aerzte_, XLII (1912), 281 and 332. [74] _Jour. Hyg._, XII (1912), 1. [75] See Sobernheim and Seligmann, _Centralbl. f. Bakt._, Ref., Beilage, L (1911), 134. [76] _Report Med. Officer of Health_ (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1913). [77] Compiled from Savage, _Report of Local Gov't Board_, 1913. [78] Mayer, _Deutsche Viertelj. f. öffentl. Ges._, XLV (1913), 8. [79] It must be noted that origin of the food from a diseased animal was not definitely proved in all the cases cited. Some of these cases should possibly be classed under human contamination (2). [80] Although not directly connected with the question of food poisoning, it is of interest to note that certain diseases of birds have been traced to infection with members of this group of bacteria. In a few cases, as in several epidemics among parrots in Paris and elsewhere, the infection has been communicated to man by contact. [81] _Jour. Infect. Dis._, XIX (1916), 700. [82] R. Trommsdorff, L. Rajchman, and A. E. Porter, _Jour. Hyg._, XI (1911), 89.