So wrote Governor Pownal on his map of 1775. There is no question that Coughsaghraga means "Winter." It may also mean "At the Beaver-dam," or "In the country of Beaver-dams." _Kohseraka_ may be a form of _Hochelaga_ or _Ochseraga._ _Osera_ means "Beaver-dam" as well as "Winter," wrote Horatio Hale. (See Saratoga.) In explanation of _Canagariachio_ Mr. Hale wrote: "_Kanagariarchio_ is a slightly corrupted form of the Iroquois word _Kanna'kari-kario,_ which means simply 'Beaver.' It is a descriptive term compounded of _Kannagare,_ 'Stick' or club, _Kakarien,_ To bite,' and _Kario,_ 'Wild animal.' It is not the most common Iroquois word for Beaver, which, in the Mohawk dialect is _Tsionuito,_ or _Djonuito._ That the word should be understood to mean 'The Beaver-Hunting Country,' is in accordance with Indian usage." * * * * * On the Mohawk. Mohawk, the river so called--properly "the Mohawk's River," or river of the Mohawks--rises near the centre of the State and reaches the Hudson at Cohoes Falls. Its name preserves that by which the most eastern nation of the Iroquoian confederacy, the Six Nations, is generally known in history--the Maquaas of the early Dutch. The nation, however, did not give that name to the stream except in the sense of occupation as the seat of their possessions; to them it was the _O-hyoⁿhi-yo'ge,_ "Large, chief or principal river" (Hewitt); written by Van Curler in 1635, _Vyoge_ and _Oyoghi,_ and by Bruyas "_Ohioge,_ a la riviere," now written _Ohio_ as the name of one of the rivers of the west, nor did they apply the word Mohawk to themselves; that title was conferred upon them by their Algonquian enemies, as explained by Roger Williams, who wrote in 1646, "_Mohowaug-suck,_ or _Mauquawog,_ from _Moho,_ 'to eat,' the cannibals or men-eaters," the reference being to the custom of the nation in eating the bodies of enemies who might fall into its hands, a custom of which the Huron nations, of which it was a branch, seem to have been especially guilty. To themselves they gave the much more pleasant name _Canniengas,_ from _Kannia,_ "Flint," Which they adopted as their national emblem and delineated it in their official signatures, signifying, in that connection, "People of the Flint." When and why they adopted this national emblem is a matter of conjecture. Presumably it was generations prior to the incoming of Europeans and from the discovery of the fire-producing qualities of the flint, which was certainly known to them and to other Indian nations [FN-1] in pre-historic times. When the flint and steel were introduced to them they added the latter to their emblem, generally delineated it on all papers of national importance, and called it _Kannien,_ "batte-feu," as written by Bruyas, a verbal form of _Kannia,_ "a flint," or fire-stone, the verb describing a new method of "striking fire out of a flint," or a new instrument for