In fact the natural laws of economics impose at once a severe penalty upon Spain, for example: America has quit buying Spanish oil; America is substituting peanut oil, and the world is finding means to get along with a minimum use of Spanish commodities. In the meantime it is dislocating Spanish business, which will reappear later as a very substantial loss to Spanish commerce. The Allies are buying only essentials in Spain, and the non-essential business of Spain is going through commercial depression. Spain lost almost her entire grape crop, her tomato crop and other perishable articles because there was no adequate market. Because Spain was piling up credits not properly employed in being loaned at acceptable interest she was led to purchase non-essentials at war prices, doing Spain a commercial injury. While certain individual banks or bankers might profit by the sale of pesetas at the high rate, it has the effect of permanently diverting trade from Spain, stimulating exports to Spain of commodities at high prices and depressing exports from Spain to other countries, lowering the status of the commercial life of Spain so that Spain pays a serious penalty under the economic law. It would have been much better for Spain to buy Spanish securities held by foreign countries, to make temporary loans to countries compelled to buy in excess from Spain, or to the nationals of such countries against adequate securities—better for Spain and better for her commercial customers. True commerce in its highest and best form serves equally well both parties to such commerce. Spain also adopted the policy of refusing to take foreign gold except at a discount, on the theory that she did not desire to expand her currency, and in that way cause a rise in the price of labor and commodities in Spain. The effect of this was to deprive other nations of a fair means of settling commodity trade balances with Spain, and had the effect of automatically raising the prices to foreigners of Spanish commodities, thus serving to dislocate Spanish trade. These unfavorable conditions in Spain have also led many people in the Entente Allied Countries to believe the Spanish policy was swayed, if not controlled, by German influences and after this war this opinion may prove commercially injurious to Spain. HOW TO PUT THE DOLLAR AT PAR What are the possible remedies for this discount of the American dollar in Spain?