Samaria and all forcibly Judaized communities regain their autonomy. 58. Ptolemy Auletes, expelled from Egypt, flies to Rome. Statues of Isis at Rome thrown down by order of Consul, A. Gabinius. 57. Alexander, son of Aristobulus of Judaea, rebels, and is defeated by Gabinius, Proconsul of Syria. 56. Aristobulus escapes from Rome and heads new revolt in Judaea. 55. Accession of Orodes I to throne of Parthia. Fresh revolt of Jews under Alexander suppressed by Gabinius, who makes Antipater the Idumean ruler of Judaea. Ptolemy Auletes restored to throne of Egypt by Gabinius. 53. Crassus and Roman army defeated by Parthians at Carrhae. 52. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Cassius. 51. Accession of Cleopatra VI and Ptolemy XIV. 50. Temple of Isis at Rome destroyed by Consul, L. Aemilius Paulus. 48. Julius Caesar and Cleopatra besieged in Alexandria by Egyptian rebels. Death of Ptolemy XIV. Temples of Isis near Capitol thrown down at bidding of augurs. 47. Cleopatra made queen jointly with Ptolemy XV. Antipater and Jewish troops take part in raising of siege of Alexandria. Julius Caesar repeals Jewish tribute and liability to military service, and gives Jews religious liberty and self-government. John Hyrcanus II made hereditary ethnarch of Judaea. 46. Herod, son of Antipater, enters Roman army and is made military governor of Coele-Syria. 45. Death of Ptolemy XV. Cleopatra makes her son Caesarion coregent with her as Ptolemy XVI. Hermaeus last Greek ruler in India. 44. Assassination of Julius Caesar. Fresh revolt of Jews on Caesar’s death suppressed by Cassius, who makes Herod Procurator of Coele-Syria. 43. Triumvirs Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus decree temple to Isis and Serapis. 42. Battle of Philippi and division of Roman world between Mark Antony and Octavian. 41. Death of Antipater of Judaea. Mark Antony makes Herod and his brother Phasael joint tetrarchs under John Hyrcanus II. 40. Pacorus, prince of Parthia, invades Palestine, and takes John Hyrcanus II and Phasael away captive. 39. Parthians driven out of Palestine by P. Ventidius Bassus. Herod proclaimed King of Judaea by Romans. 38. Caius Sossius, Legate of Syria, captures Jerusalem, and puts Herod on throne. 31. Battle of Actium. Herod deserts Mark Antony. 30. Herod makes submission to Octavian, and receives increase of territory. Death of Cleopatra and Caesarion. Egypt becomes Roman province. Octavian becomes Emperor with title of Augustus. 28. Augustus orders all temples of Alexandrian gods outside _Pomoerium_. 21. M. Vipsanius Agrippa, the consul, forbids celebration of Egyptian rites within 1 mile of Rome. 20. Phraates IV of Parthia sends Augustus his four sons as hostages, and returns Roman standards captured with Crassus. Herod rebuilds Temple of Jerusalem. 4. Death of Herod. Fresh revolt of Jews suppressed by Varus.