How to treat the wood lot 28 Improvement cuttings 29 Methods of reproducing the wood crop 31 Size of openings 34 Wind mantle 34 Coppice 35 Plan of management 37 How to cultivate the wood crop 37 Effect of light on wood production 38 Number of trees per acre 38 Weeding and cleaning the crop 40 Methods of thinning 40 What trees to remove 41 The relation of forests to farms 42 The forest waters the farm 44 The forest tempers the farm 45 The forest protects the farm 45 The forest supplies the farm with useful material 46 FORESTRY FOR FARMERS. The following five chapters have been written with the view of aiding farmers who own small timber tracts or wood lots, or who wish to plant some part of their land to forest. This country varies so greatly in soil, climate, and flora that it is only possible, within the limits assigned for the present discussion, to outline general principles everywhere applicable. Nevertheless, wherever suggestions have approximated the laying down of rules of practice, the writer has had mainly in mind the conditions prevalent in our northeastern States. Moreover, for the reason already referred to, limitation of space, it has not been possible to give more than a comprehensive view, without much detail. The succeeding chapters should be read connectedly, as they are more or less interdependent. The first treats of the behavior of a forest plant; the second, of the principles which should guide the planter in setting a crop; the third, of the manner in which a natural forest crop should be produced; the fourth points out how the crop should be managed afterwards in order to secure the best results in quantity and quality of material; while the fifth chapter is devoted to a consideration of the relation of forests to farms. 1. HOW TREES GROW. Trees, like most other plants, originate from seed, build up a body of cell tissues, form foliage, flower, and fruit, and take up food material from the soil and air, which they convert into cellulose and other compounds, from which all their parts are formed. They rely, like other plants, upon moisture, heat, and light as the means of performing the functions of growth. Yet there are some peculiarities in their behavior, their life and growth, which require special attention on the part of a tree grower or forest planter, and these we shall briefly discuss. FOOD MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS OF GROWTH.