Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal MorphologyRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
History
Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology
Russell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
Anatomy, Comparative -- History; Morphology (Animals) -- History
The rest of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of abortive and
vestigial organs, whose existence Darwin naturally turns to great
advantage in his argument for evolution. Throughout the whole chapter
Darwin's preoccupation with the problems of classification is clearly
manifest.
On the question as to whether descent was monophyletic or polyphyletic
Darwin expressed no dogmatic opinion. "I believe that animals have
descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an
equal or lesser number.... I should infer from analogy that probably all
the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended
from one primordial form, into which life was first breathed" (p. 484).
Darwin rightly laid much stress upon the morphological evidence for
evolution,[356] which he considered to be weighty. It probably contributed
greatly to the success of his theory. Though he himself did little or no
work in pure morphology, he was alive to the importance of such work,[357]
and followed with interest the progress of evolutionary morphology,
incorporating some of its results in later editions of the _Origin_, and
in his _Descent of Man_ (1871).
In his morphology Darwin was hardly up to date. He does not seem to have
known at first hand the splendid work of the German morphologists, such
as Rathke and Reichert; he pays no attention to the cell-theory, nor to
the germ-layer theory. His sources are, in the main, Geoffroy St
Hilaire, Owen, von Baer, Agassiz, Milne-Edwards, and Huxley.
Perhaps his greatest omission was that he did not give any adequate
treatment of the problem of functional adaptation and the correlation of
parts. It is not too much to say that Darwin not only disregarded these
problems almost entirely, but by his insistence upon ecological
adaptation and upon certain superficial aspects of correlation,
succeeded in giving to the words "adaptation" and "correlation" a new
signification, whereby they lost to a large extent their true and
original functional meaning.
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