[14] _Zootomia democritea_, Nuremberg, 1645; _Antiperipatias, seu de respiratione piscium_, Amsterdam, 1661. [15] Radl, _loc. cit._, i., p. 50. [16] Perrault et Duverney, _Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Animaux_, Paris, 1699. [17] F. Houssay, _Nature et Sciences naturelles_, Paris, p. 76, n.d. [18] Foster, _loc. cit._, p. 85. [19] Trans, by Foster, _loc. cit._, p. 113. [20] He made a careful study of the silkworm. [21] "Etenim, ferventi aetatis calore, Anatomica aggressus, licet circa peculiaria fuerim solicitus, in _perfectioribus_ tamen haec rimari sum ausus. Verum, cum haec propriis tenebris obscura jaceant, simplicium analogismo egent; inde _insectorum_ indago illico arrisit; quae cum et ipsa suas habeat difficultates ad Plantarum perquisitionem animum _postremo_ adjeci, ut diu hoc lustrato mundo gressu retroacto Vegetantis Naturae gradu, ad prima studia iter mihi aperirem. Sed nec forte hoc ipsum sufficiet cum simplicior _Mineralium Elementorumque_ mundus praeire debeat. At in immensum excrescit opus, et meis viribus omnino impar," _Opera Omnia_, i., p. 1, London, 1686. [22] See particularly E. Radl, _loc. cit._. I Teil. J. V. Carus, _Geschichte der Zoologie_, Muenchen, 1872. [23] For a good historical account of the gradation theories see Thienemann's paper in the _Zoologische Annalen_(Wuerzburg) iii., pp. 185-274, 1910, from which the quotation from Robinet is taken. [24] _Histoire naturelle_, i., p. 13; ii, p. 9; iv., p. 101; and xiv., pp. 28-9, 1749 and later. [25] No translation can render the beauty of the original--"Comme tout se fait et que tout est par nuance dans la Nature ..." (iv., p. 101). [26] _Hist. nat._, iv., p. 5. [27] See particularly his comparison of the skeleton of the horse with that of man. _Hist. Nat._, iv., p. 381, also p. 13. [28] _Loc. cit._, p. 382. [29] Tome xiv., pp. 311-374. [30] Tome xiv., p. 358. [31] See also "Oiseaux," Tome i., pp. 394, 395. Pallas in 1766 adopted for the whole animal kingdom this branching arrangement. [32] "But this cannot be, for it is certain by revelation that all animals have equally participated in the grace of creation." [33] iv., p. 385. [34] iv., pp. 3-110. [35] It has been revived in our own days by Bergson, _Matiere et Memoire_, p. 57. [36] iv., pp. 7-15. [37] _Anatomie Generale_, Paris, 1801, Eng. trans. 1824. [38] _Anatomie Generale_, Eng. trans., i., p. lii. [39] _Anatomie Generale_, Eng. trans., i., p. lviii. [40] _Loc cit._, i., sect. vii. CHAPTER III CUVIER Cuvier was perhaps the greatest of comparative anatomists; his work is, in the best sense of the word, classical.