Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal MorphologyRussell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
History
Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology
Russell, E. S. (Edward Stuart)
Anatomy, Comparative -- History; Morphology (Animals) -- History
Geoffroy's morphological units or materials of organisation were in the
case of the skeleton--with which his researches principally deal--the
single bones. But the interesting point is that he sought his
skeleton-units in the embryo, and considered each separate centre of
ossification as a separate bone. Coalescence of bones originally
separate is one of the most usual events in development, and it is an
occurrence which, more than any other, tends to obscure homologies.
Because of its coalescence with the maxillaries, the intermaxillary in
man was not discovered until Vicq d'Azyr and Goethe found it separate in
the embryo. Apparently quite independently of Goethe, Geoffroy hit upon
this plan of seeking in the embryo the primary elements or materials of
organisation. In an early paper on the skull of Vertebrates,[113] where he
is concerned with showing that each bone of the fish's skull has its
homologue in the skull of higher Vertebrates, he is faced with the
difficulty that the skull of the fish has more bones than the skull of
higher Vertebrates. "Having had the inspiration," he writes, "to reckon
as many bones as there are distinct centres of ossification, and having
made a consistent trial of this method, I have been able to appreciate
the correctness of the idea: fish, in their earliest stages, are in the
same conditions relatively to their development as the foetuses of
mammals, and hence bear out the theory" (p. 344). So, too, in dealing
with the homologies of the sternal elements (_supra_, p. 57) he treats
as separate bones the "annexes" of the sternum in birds, though these
are separate only in the young.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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