Produced by Anne Soulard, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. FORMATION OF THE UNION 1750-1829 BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, PH.D. To the Memory OF THOMAS H. LAMSON, _A GENEROUS FRIEND OF LEARNING._ PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. The second volume of the EPOCHS OF AMERICAN HISTORY aims to follow out the principles laid down for "THE COLONIES,"--the study of causes rather than of events, the development of the American nation out of scattered and inharmonious colonies. The throwing off of English control, the growth out of narrow political conditions, the struggle against foreign domination, and the extension of popular government, are all parts of the uninterrupted process of the Formation of the Union. So mighty a development can be treated only in its elements in this small volume. Much matter is thrown into graphic form in the maps; the Suggestions for Readers and Teachers, and the bibliographies at the heads of the chapters are meant to lead to more detailed accounts, both of events and of social and economic conditions. Although the book includes three serious wars, there is no military history in it. To the soldier, the movement of troops is a professional question of great significance; the layman needs to know, rather, what were the means, the character, and the spirit of the two combatants in each case, and why one succeeded where the other was defeated. To my colleague, Professor Edward Channing, I am indebted for many suggestions on the first four chapters. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART. CAMBRIDGE, July 1, 1892. PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION. During the five years since this volume of the _Epochs of American History_ was first issued, the literature of the subject has made constant advances; and hence the Suggestions for Readers and Teachers and the bibliographies at the head of each chapter have been pruned, enlarged, and rewritten. The text has undergone fewer changes. The good-will of users of the book has pointed out some errors and inaccuracies, which have been corrected from time to time; and new light has in some cases dawned upon the author. I shall always be grateful for corrections of fact or of conclusions. ALBERT BUSHNELL HART CAMBRIDGE, July 1, 1897. SUGGESTIONS FOR READERS AND TEACHERS. Each of the volumes in the series is intended to be complete in itself, and to furnish an account of the period it covers sufficient for the general reader or student. Those who wish to supplement this book by additional reading or study will find useful the bibliographies at the heads of the chapters.