Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great BritainRuskin, John
General
Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain
Ruskin, John
Aesthetics; Conduct of life; Great Britain -- Social conditions -- 19th century; Social problems; Working class -- Great Britain
And this house which he built was his finest piece of involution,
or cunning workmanship; and the memory of it is kept by the Greeks
for ever afterwards, in that running border of theirs, involved in
and repeating itself, called the Greek fret, of which you will at
once recognise the character in these two pictures of the labyrinth of
Dædalus itself, on the coins of the place where it was built, Cnossus,
in the island of Crete; and which you see, in the frontispiece,
surrounding the head of Theseus, himself, on a coin of the same city.
Of course frets and returning lines were used in ornamentation
when there were no labyrinths--probably long before labyrinths. A
symbol is scarcely ever invented just when it is needed. Some
already recognised and accepted form or thing becomes symbolic at
a particular time. Horses had tails, and the moon quarters, long
before there were Turks; but the horse-tail and crescent are not less
definitely symbolic to the Ottoman. So, the early forms of ornament
are nearly alike, among all nations of any capacity for design: they
put meaning into them afterwards, if they ever come themselves to have
any meaning. Vibrate but the point of a tool against an unbaked vase,
as it revolves, set on the wheel,--you have a wavy or zigzag line. The
vase revolves once; the ends of the wavy line do not exactly tally
when they meet; you get over the blunder by turning one into a head,
the other into a tail,--and have a symbol of eternity--if, first,
which is wholly needful, you have an idea of eternity!
Again, the free sweep of a pen at the finish of a large letter has
a tendency to throw itself into a spiral. There is no particular
intelligence, or spiritual emotion, in the production of this line. A
worm draws it with his coil, a fern with its bud, and a periwinkle
with his shell. Yet, completed in the Ionic capital, and arrested
in the bending point of the acanthus leaf in the Corinthian one,
it has become the primal element of beautiful architecture and
ornament in all the ages; and is eloquent with endless symbolism,
representing the power of the winds and waves in Athenian work, and
of the old serpent, which is the Devil and Satan, in Gothic work:
or, indeed, often enough, of both, the Devil being held prince of
the power of the air--as in the story of Job, and the lovely story of
Buonconte of Montefeltro, in Dante: nay, in this very tale of Theseus,
as Chaucer tells it,--having got hold, by ill luck, only of the later
and calumnious notion that Theseus deserted his saviour-mistress, he
wishes him Devil-speed instead of God-speed, and that energetically--
"A twenty-divel way the wind him drive."
For which, indeed, Chaucer somewhat deserved (for he ought not to
have believed such things of Theseus,) the God of Love's anger at his
drawing too near the daisy. I will write the pretty lines partly in
modern spelling for you, that you may get the sense better:--
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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