Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great BritainRuskin, John
General
Fors Clavigera (Volume 2 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain
Ruskin, John
Aesthetics; Conduct of life; Great Britain -- Social conditions -- 19th century; Social problems; Working class -- Great Britain
This is the labyrinth which the Cretan Dedalus built,
Out of which nobody could get who was inside,
Except Theseus; nor could he have done it, unless he had been
helped with a thread by Adriane, all for love.
Upon which you are to note, first, that the grave announcement,
"This is the labyrinth which the Cretan Dedalus built," may possibly
be made interesting even to some of your children, if reduced from
mediæval sublimity, into your more popular legend--"This is the house
that Jack built." The cow with the crumpled horn will then remind
them of the creature who, in the midst of this labyrinth, lived as a
spider in the centre of his web; and the "maiden all forlorn" may stand
for Ariadne, or Adriane--(either name is given her by Chaucer, as he
chooses to have three syllables or two)--while the gradual involution
of the ballad, and necessity of clear-mindedness as well as clear
utterance on the part of its singer, is a pretty vocal imitation of
the deepening labyrinth. Theseus, being a pious hero, and the first
Athenian knight who cut his hair short in front, may not inaptly be
represented by the priest all shaven and shorn; the cock that crew in
the morn is the proper Athenian symbol of a pugnacious mind; and the
malt that lay in the house fortunately indicates the connection of
Theseus and the Athenian power with the mysteries of Eleusis, where
corn first, it is said, grew in Greece. And by the way, I am more and
more struck every day, by the singular Grecism in Shakespeare's mind,
contrary in many respects to the rest of his nature; yet compelling
him to associate English fairyland with the great Duke of Athens,
and to use the most familiar of all English words for land, "acre,"
in the Greek or Eleusinian sense, not the English one!
"Between the acres of the rye,
These pretty country-folks do lie--"
and again--"search every acre in the high grown field," meaning
"ridge," or "crest," not "ager," the root of "agriculture." Lastly, in
our nursery rhyme, observe that the name of Jack, the builder, stands
excellently for Dædalus, retaining the idea of him down to the phrase,
"Jack-of-all-Trades." Of this Greek builder you will find some account
at the end of my 'Aratra Pentelici:' to-day I can only tell you he
is distinctively the power of finest human, as opposed to Divine,
workmanship or craftsmanship. Whatever good there is, and whatever
evil, in the labour of the hands, separated from that of the soul,
is exemplified by his history and performance. In the deepest sense,
he was to the Greeks, Jack of all trades, yet Master of none; the
real Master of every trade being always a God. His own special work or
craft was inlaying or dove-tailing, and especially of black in white.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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