Fors Clavigera (Volume 5 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great BritainRuskin, John
General
Fors Clavigera (Volume 5 of 8): Letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain
Ruskin, John
Aesthetics; Conduct of life; Great Britain -- Social conditions -- 19th century; Social problems; Working class -- Great Britain
“The author of ‘The Microscope’ keeps to the old idea of bees sucking
honey and not ‘licking it up,’ for he says, ‘The proboscis, being
cylindrical, extracts the juice of the flower in a somewhat similar way
to that of the butterfly.’ And of the tongue he says, ‘If a bee is
attentively observed as it settles upon a flower, the activity and
promptitude with which it uses the apparatus is truly surprising; it
lengthens the tongue, applies it to the bottom of the petals, then
shortens it, bending and turning it in all directions, for the purpose
of exploring the interior and removing the pollen, which it packs in
the pockets in its hind legs, (by, he supposes, the two shorter
feelers,) and forms the chief food for the working-bees.’ He says that
when the waxen walls of the cells are completed, they are strengthened
by a varnish collected from the buds of the poplar and other trees,
which they smear over the cells by the aid of the wonderful apparatus.
That part of the proboscis that looks something like a human head, he
says, ‘can be considerably enlarged ... and thus made to contain a
larger quantity of the collected juice of the flowers; at the same time
it is in this cavity that the nectar is transformed into pure honey by
some peculiar chemical process.’”
Note on page 145.—My correspondent need not be at a loss for sermons on
usury. When the Christian Church was living, there was no lack of such.
Here are two specimens of their tenor, furnished me by one of Mr.
Sillar’s pamphlets:—
EXTRACT FROM THE EXPOSITION UPON THE FIRST EPISTLE TO THE
THESSALONIANS, CH. IV. VER. 6. BY BISHOP JEWELL.
“Usury is a kind of lending of money, or corn, or oil, or wine, or of
any other thing, wherein, upon covenant and bargain, we receive again
the whole principal which we delivered, and somewhat more for the use
and occupying of the same: as, if I lent one hundred pounds, and for it
covenant to receive one hundred and five pounds, or any other sum
greater than was the sum which I did lend. This is that that we call
usury; such a kind of bargaining as no good man, or godly man, ever
used; such a kind of bargaining as all men that ever feared God’s
judgment have always abhorred and condemned. It is filthy gains, and a
work of darkness: it is a monster in nature; the overthrow of mighty
kingdoms; the destruction of flourishing states; the decay of wealthy
cities; the plagues of the world, and the misery of the people. It is
theft; it is the murdering of our brethren; it is the curse of God, and
the curse of the people. This is usury: by these signs and tokens you
may know it: for wheresoever it reigneth, all those mischiefs ensue.
But how, and how many ways, it may be wrought, I will not declare: it
were horrible to hear; and I come now to reprove usury, and not to
teach it.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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