William Massey, "The Origin and Progress of Letters," containing valuable information about the art. 1769. John Gardner, "Introduction to the Counting House." 1780. Edward Powell, writing master and designer. 1784. E. Butterworth, "The Universal Penman" in two parts, published in Edinburgh. 1795. William Milns, "The Penman's Repository." 1799. William G. Wheatcroft, "The Modern Penman." 1814. John Carstairs, "Tachygraphy, or the Flying Pen." 2. "Writing made easy, etc." Illustrated works on the subject of penmanship of contemporaneous times and not of English origin are but few. The best known are: 1543. Luduvico Vicentino, "A Copy book" published in Rome, seems to have been the first. 1570. Il perfetto Scrittore (The Perfect Writer) by Francesco Cresci, published in Rome. 1605. Spieghel der Schrijkfkonste (or Mirror of Penmanship) written by Van den Velde, published in Amsterdam. 1612. "Writing and Ink Recipes," by Peter Caniparius, Venice and London. 1700. Der Getreue Schreibemeister (or True Writing Master), by Johann Friedr Vicum, published in Dresden. From 1602 to 1709 many "Indian" ink specimens were extant and are still of the different schools of penmanship. The productions of Phrysius, Materot and Barbedor illustrating the French style, Vignon, Sellery and others, for the Italian hand, and Overbique and Smythers for the German text, and Ambrosius Perlengh and Hugo, with a few more, complete the list. CHAPTER XII. STUDY OF INK. LACK OF INTEREST AS TO THE COMPOSITION OF INK DURING PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY--THE CONDITIONS WHICH THEN PREVAILED NEARLY THE SAME AS THE PRESENT TIME--CHEMISTRY OF INK NOT UNDERSTOOD-- THIS LACK OF INFORMATION NOT CONFINED TO ANY PARTICULAR COUNTRY--LEWIS, IN 1765, BEGINS A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION ON THE SUBJECT OF INKS --THE RESULTS AND HIS CONCLUSIONS PUBLISHED IN 1797--THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND IN 1787 RECEIVES COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE INFERIORITY OF INKS --ITS SECRETARY READS A PAPER THE SAME YEAR--THE PAPER CITED IN FULL--DR. BOSTOCK IN 1830 COMMUNICATES TO THE SOCIETY OF ARTS WHAT HE ESTIMATES TO BE THE CAUSES OF IMPERFECTIONS IN INK-- ACTION OF THE FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-- COMPLICATIONS SURROUNDING THE MANUFACTURE OF INK ONLY THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AGO. THE increasing demands for ink, and the lack of interest as to its composition during the eighteenth century, if viewed in the same lights which prevail in our own times, permitted the general manufacture of cheap grades of ink which possessed no very lasting qualities. The chemistry of Inks was not fully understood, indeed we find Professer Turner of the College of Edinburgh declaring in 1827: