1. Transverse section; _t_, vascular bundle; _x_, sheath of cells. × 35. 2. Vascular bundle consisting of a few small tracheids, _t_. 3. A tracheid and a few parenchymatous cells, the latter with nuclei. 4. A stoma; _s_, _s_, guard-cells. 5. Pallisade cells and intercellular spaces. From a section in the Manchester Museum, Owens College.] The nature of the assimilating tissue, the comparatively thick band of thin-walled cells with intercellular spaces, and the exposed position of the stomata suggest that the plant lived in a fairly damp climate; at least there is nothing to indicate any adaptation to a dry climate. In the Binney collection of plants in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, there is a species of a very small shoot bearing three or four verticils of leaves which possess the same structure as those of fig. 86. We may probably regard such twigs as the slender terminal branches of Calamitean shoots. α. _Calamocladus_ (_Asterophyllites_). The generic name _Asterophyllites_ was proposed by Brongniart[641] in 1822 for a fossil previously named by Schlotheim[642] _Casuarinites_, and afterwards transferred to Sternberg’s genus _Annularia_. In 1828 Brongniart[643] gave the following diagnosis of the fossils which he included under the genus _Asterophyllites_:—“Stems rarely simple, usually branched, with opposite branches, which are always disposed in the same plane; leaves flat, more or less linear, pointed, traversed by a simple median vein, free to the base.” Lindley and Hutton described examples of Brongniart’s genus as species of _Hippurites_[644], and other authors adopted different names for specimens afterwards referred to _Asterophyllites_. At a later date Ettingshausen[645] and other writers expressed the view that the fossils which Brongniart regarded as a distinct genus were the foliage-shoots of _Calamites_, and Ettingshausen went so far as to include them in that genus. In view of the generally expressed opinion as to the Calamitean nature of _Asterophyllites_, Schimper[646] proposed the convenient generic name _Calamocladus_ for “rami et ramuli foliosi” of _Calamites_. Some recent authors have adopted this genus, but others prefer to retain _Asterophyllites_. In a recent important monograph by Grand’Eury[647] Calamitean foliage-shoots are included under the two names, _Asterophyllites_ and _Calamocladus_; the latter type of foliage-shoots he associates with the stems of the subgenus _Calamodendron_, and the former he connects with those Calamitean stems which belong to the subgenus _Arthropitys_.