It is an almost hopeless task to attempt to connect the various forms of foliage-shoots with their respective stems, and to determine what particular anatomical features characterised the plants bearing these various forms of shoots. We may adopt Schimper’s generic name _Calamocladus_ in the same sense as _Asterophyllites_, but as including such other foliage-shoots as we have reason to believe belonged to _Calamites_. Those leaf-bearing branches which conform to the type known as _Annularia_ are however not included in _Calamocladus_, as we cannot definitely assert that these foliage-shoots belong in all cases to Calamitean stems. Grand’Eury’s use of _Calamocladus_ in a more restricted sense is inadvisable as leading to confusion, seeing that this name was originally defined in a more comprehensive manner as including Calamitean leaf-bearing branches generally. We may define _Calamocladus_ as follows:— Branched or simple articulated branches bearing whorls of uni-nerved linear leaves at the nodes; the leaves may be either free to the base or fused basally into a cup-like sheath (_e.g._ Grand’Eury’s _Calamocladus_). The several acicular linear leaves or segments which are given off from the nodes spread out radially in an open manner in all directions; they may be either almost at right angles to the axis or inclined at different angles. Each segment is traversed by a single vein and terminates in an acuminate apex. As a typical example of a Calamitean foliage-shoot the species _Calamocladus equisetiformis_ (Schloth.) may be briefly described. The synonymy of the commoner species of fossil plants is a constant source of confusion and difficulty; in order to illustrate the necessity of careful comparison of specimens and published illustrations, it may be helpful to quote a few synonyms of the species more particularly dealt with. The exhaustive lists drawn up by Kidston in his _Catalogue of Palaeozoic plants in the British Museum_ will be found extremely useful by those concerned with a systematic study of the older plants. [Illustration: FIG. 87. _Calamocladus equisetiformis_ (Schloth.). From a specimen in the British Museum (McMurtrie Collection, no. V. 2963). _ca._ ⅓ nat. size.] _Calamocladus equisetiformis_ (Schloth.). Fig. 87. 1809. _Phytolithus_, Martin[648]. 1820. _Casuarinites equisetiformis_, Schlotheim[649]. 1825. _Bornia equisetiformis_, Sternberg[650]. 1828. _Asterophyllites equisetiformis_, Brongniart[651]. 1836. _Hippurites longifolia_, Lindley and Hutton[652]. 1855. _Calamites equisetiformis_, Ettingshausen[653]. 1869. _Calamocladus equisetiformis_, Schimper[654]. 1869. _Annularia calamitoides_, Schimper[654]. The above synonyms do not exhaust the list[655], but they suffice to illustrate the necessity of a careful comparison in drawing up tables of species, in connection with geographical distribution or for other purposes.