The discovery of this new type of strobilus naturally led to a search among Lower Carboniferous plants for vegetative shoots exhibiting characters conformable with the whorled and branched leaves of _Cheirostrobus_. In _Sphenophyllum_ we have a genus obviously comparable with _Cheirostrobus_ as regards the form and disposition of the leaves, but the differences between the cones and the striking similarity of the vascular cylinder of the latter to that of _Lepidodendron_ demonstrate conclusively that we must look elsewhere for the vegetative members of the plant which produced cones of the _Cheirostrobus_ type. [Sidenote: PSEUDOBORNIA] In 1902 Professor Nathorst[21] instituted the generic name _Pseudobornia_ for plants of which imperfect examples had previously been referred by Heer[22] to _Calamites_ under the name _C. radiatus_. Heer’s plants were obtained from Upper Devonian rocks of Bear Island in the Arctic seas and additional specimens were brought from the same locality by the Swedish Polar Expedition of 1898. _Pseudobornia_ possesses jointed stems (fig. 117, D) bearing whorled and shortly stalked leaves, often four in number, at each node. The leaves are palmately branched with fine serrated edges (fig. 117, C). Certain specimens, which are no doubt correctly described by Nathorst as cones, are characterised by a thick axis bearing whorled leaves with sporangia on their lower surfaces, but the material is not sufficiently well preserved to render possible a recognition of structural details. It has been suggested by Scott that _Pseudobornia_ may possibly be referable to the Sphenophyllales and that the stem of _Cheirostrobus_ “may have had something in common with” Nathorst’s genus[23]. The beds in which the stems occur are of Upper Devonian age, while _Cheirostrobus_ was found in Lower Carboniferous rocks: this difference in age is not, however, a serious objection to the validity of the comparison. We cannot do more than express the view that _Pseudobornia_, so far as can be ascertained without an examination of petrified material or of more perfect impressions of strobili, exhibits vegetative features not inconsistent with the morphological characters of the fertile shoots known as _Cheirostrobus_. • • • • •