_Encephalartos._ The fronds of this genus, in _Encephalartos Laurentianus_[45] reaching the exceptional length of 7 metres, bear alternate pinnae exhibiting a considerable range in form and breadth. In _E. longifolius_, _E. Altensteinii_ (fig. 386, C), _E. Lehmanni_, etc., the pinnae are for the most part linear, reaching a length of 20 cm. and a breadth of 2 cm.: in _E. caffer_ (fig. 387, D), _E. latifolius_, and others the pinnae are broader and shorter and often spinous. A frond of _E. longifolius_ or _E. Altensteinii_ may bear both entire and lobed, spinous pinnae. In _E. Frederici-Guilielmi_ (fig. 387, G) and _E. Ghellinckii_[46] (fig. 382) the pinnae are very narrow and almost filiform, with revolute edges. The thick and leathery pinnae of some species are attached obliquely to the edge or to the upper sloping sides of the rachis which forms a prominent ridge between the rows of leaflets, and characteristic oval scars are left on the fall of the pinnae (fig. 387, D, G′). The lamina in most species contains several veins more or less parallel to the margins and often much more prominent on the lower than on the upper surface. [Illustration: Fig. 386. A. _Encephalartos Altensteinii_, apex of stem. B. _Dioon edule_,megastrobilus. (From a photograph by Mr S. M. Wadham.) C. _Encephalartos Altensteinii_, frond.] [Illustration: Fig. 387. Cycadean fronds. A, _Cycas circinalis_; B, _Macrozamia Fraseri_; C, _Macrozamia Denisoni_; D, _Encephalartos caffer_; E, F, _Dioon edule_ from below and above; G, _Encephalartos Frederici-Guilielmi_, G′, side-view; H, _Ceratozamia mexicana_; I, _Cycas circinalis_, lower part of young frond.] _Zamia._ In _Zamia angustifolia_ (fig. 385, C) and _Z. linifolia_ the pinnae are long and very narrow: the other extreme is represented by _Z. Wallisii_[47] (fig. 388) with broad ovate segments reaching a length of nearly ·5 metre and attached to the rachis by a short stalk; the veins are prominent and dichotomously branched. Other forms of pinnae are represented by _Z. integrifolia_, _Z. floridana_, and _Z. Loddigesii_ (figs. 389, 390, 395). The broad and short pinnae of _Z. furfuracea_[48] bear a close resemblance, except in the absence of an auriculate base, to those of some species of the fossil genus _Otozamites_. The broadly linear pinnae of _Z. pseudoparasitica_ (45 cm. × 3 cm.) often show longitudinal wrinklings on drying which suggest comparison with the corrugated lamina of the fossil species _Nilssonia brevis_. A basal pad or callosity on the slender bases of the pinnae is characteristic of many _Zamia_ fronds. [Illustration: Fig. 388. Pinna of _Zamia Wallisii_. From a drawing after A. Braun in the Kew Herbarium. (⅓ nat. size.)] [Illustration: Fig. 389. _Zamia integrifolia_ bearing a megastrobilus and showing foliage-leaves and scale-leaves. A, microsporophyll; B, megasporophyll. (After Rendle, from Jacquin.)] [Illustration: Fig. 390. Small frond of _Zamia Loddigesii_. (⅔ nat. size.)]