Produced by David Thomas FOUR PHASES OF MORALS SOCRATES, ARISTOTLE, CHRISTIANITY, UTILITARIANISM. BY JOHN STUART BLACKIE, F.R.S.E. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH SECOND EDITION. EDINBURGH EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS 1874. TO SIR HENRY HOLLAND, BART., M.D., D.C.L., PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION OP GREAT BRITAIN, ETC. ETC. DEAR SIR,--As the substance of this book was originally delivered in the form of Lectures before the Royal Institution, London, I was naturally led, in giving my notes a more exact expression and a larger illustration, to do so in connexion with your name--a name which, besides its official significance in all that concerns the Albemarle Street Institution, was recommended to me by that remarkable combination of rare experience of life, enlightened scholarship, and various knowledge of men and places, which, more than the greatest metaphysical acuteness, or the most extensive academical learning, enables a man to be a sound judge of those important practical questions with which the science of Ethics is occupied. As by the arrangements of the season--1869--of which my course formed a part, the number of Lectures was limited to four, and as I determined to treat the subject in the concrete historically, rather than in the form of abstract discussion, it necessarily happened that the four phases of morals to which I specially directed attention, viewed in reference to the whole system of ethical doctrine, presented an incomplete and fragmentary aspect. I endeavoured however, under these limitations, to bring forward those historical manifestations of moral truth which both afforded a ready occasion for discussing some of the most fundamental questions of Ethics, and, from historical and local considerations, were most fitted to be presented to a British audience at the present day. At the same time, there runs through the four discourses a unity of thought and tendency beyond what the title indicates, and which those who are competent to judge will easily recognise. Hoping that you will find nothing in this book but what has been “attained with honesty, and maintained with moderation”--the test of excellence in such matters which yourself have wisely indicated,--and that you may be able to accord to these Discourses in their written form some portion of that approbation which your presence conferred on their oral delivery, I am, DEAR SIR, Yours, with sincere esteem, JOHN STUART BLACKIE. UNIVERSITY, EDINBURGH, _October_ 1871. CONTENTS. SOCRATES ARISTOTLE CHRISTIANITY UTILITARIANISM SOCRATES. {1}