_a_ 91. _douȝtres._ In l. 73 only one daughter is named. In the B-text, Passus xviii. 426, she is called _Kalote_ (see note to _b_ 2 below). _a_ 94. _bi þe rode of Lukes_: at Lucca (French _Lucques_) is a Crucifix and a famous representation of the face of Christ, reputed to be the work of the disciple Nicodemus. From Eadmer and William of Malmesbury we learn that William the Conqueror's favourite oath was 'By the Face of Lucca!', and it is worth noting that the frequent and varied adjurations in Middle English are copied from the French. _a_ 114. 'May the Devil take him who cares!' _a_ 115 ff. _faitoures_ (cp. ll. 185 ff.), who feigned some injury or disease to avoid work and win the pity of the charitable, multiplied in the disturbed years following the Black Death. Statutes were passed against them, and even against those who gave them alms (Jusserand, _English Wayfaring Life_, pp. 261 ff.). But the type was long lived. In the extract from _Handlyng Synne_ (No. I), we have already a monument of their activities. _a_ 141. 'And those that have cloisters and churches (i.e. monks and priests) shall have some of my goods to provide themselves with copes.' _a_ 142. _Robert Renne-aboute._ The type of a wandering preacher; _posteles_ are clearly preachers with no fixed sphere of authority, like the mendicant friars and Wiclif's 'poor priests'. Against both the regular clergy constantly complained that they preached without the authority of the bishop. _a_ 186. _Þat seten_: the MS. by confusion has _þat seten to seten to begge_, &c. _a_ 187. _þat was bake for Bayarde_: i.e. 'horse-bread' (l. 208), which used to be made from beans and peas only. _Bayard_, properly a 'bay horse', was, according to romance, the name of the horse given by Charlemagne to Rinaldo. Hence it became the conventional name for a horse, just as _Reynard_ was appropriated to the fox. Chaucer speaks of _proude Bayard_ (_Troilus_, Bk. i. 218) and, referring to an unknown story, _Bayard the blynde_ (_Canon's Yeoman's Tale_, 860). _a_ 221. _Michi vindictam_: Romans xii. 19. _a_ 224. Luke xvi. 9. _a_ 229. Genesis iii. 19. _a_ 231. _Sapience_: the Book of Wisdom, but the quotation is actually from Proverbs xx. 4. _a_ 234. _Mathew with mannes face._ Each of the evangelists had his symbol: Matthew, a man; Mark, a lion; Luke, a bull; John, an eagle; and in early Gospel books their portraits are usually accompanied by the appropriate symbols. _a_ 235 ff. Matthew xxv. 14 ff.; Luke xix. 12 ff. _a_ 245. _Contemplatyf lyf or actyf lyf._ The merits of these two ways of life were endlessly disputed in the Middle Ages. In XI _b_ Wiclif attacks the position of the monks and of Rolle's followers; and the author of _Pearl_ (VI 61 ff.) takes up the related question of salvation by works or by grace. _a_ 246. Psalm cxxviii. 1.