Every canton has its _juge de paix_, who is in a general sense a police court judge. He tries small cases, but his responsibilities are carefully limited, and he may not inflict a fine exceeding 200 francs. Any offence requiring a heavier hand must go up to the _Tribunal correctionnel de l'arrondissement_ or the court of _Premiere Instance_. The _juge de paix_ wears a tall hat encircled with a broad silver band, and although, as a rule, a man who has received a fairly good education, his salary averages between L120 and L160 per annum. On such an income there is no opportunity for pretentious living! The wife of a _juge de paix_ cannot, as a rule, afford to keep a nursemaid, and one maid-of-all-work is as much as the _menage_ can afford to maintain. Nevertheless the position is an honourable one, there is a pension at sixty years, and the hours of labour are, to the man with a sense of humour, often brightened by the absurdity of the cases that are brought into court. There is generally much fun for the court in the frequent cases of _diffamation_, in which citizens drag one another into the presence of the _juge de paix_ for calling each other names. The court allows noisy altercation in a fashion unknown in England, and the task of the magistrate is, to the Anglo-Saxon mind, almost beyond belief. The breezy outpourings of plaintiff and defendant are ended with the _juge de paix's_ words, "You can retire," and, as a rule, some sound and friendly advice has been offered to the unneighbourly neighbours. A very considerable amount of litigation arises through the possession of land or houses, for the thriftiness of the French has always inclined the people towards the ownership of their farms or the land they till. In the old days before the Revolution, all such disputes came before courts in which the unprivileged and poor might be fairly sure of losing the day. The scandal of those venal courts was so great that nothing short of a clean sweep could effectually rid the land of the curse they inflicted, and the overthrow of the monarchy was followed by the establishment of administrators of justice who were servants of the State and none other. The correctional courts mentioned deal with the graver offences which are outside the ambit of the _juge de paix_. As a rule there are three judges and no jury. These courts are empowered to inflict punishment up to imprisonment for five years. The Courts of Assize are held every three months in each Department. They are presided over by a councillor of the Court of Appeal with two assistants and a jury of twelve, but a unanimous verdict is not required, the fate of the accused hanging on a majority only. Another feature of these courts is the _juge d'instruction's_ secret preliminary investigation into each case.