Produced by WebRover, Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net FRENCH AND GERMAN SOCIALISM IN MODERN TIMES BY RICHARD T. ELY, PH.D., LL.D. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND DIRECTOR OF THE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN NEW YORK AND LONDON HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 1900 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. _All rights reserved._ PREFATORY NOTE. The publication of this volume is due to the friendly counsel of the Hon. Andrew D. White, president of Cornell University; a gentleman tireless in his efforts to encourage young men, and alive to every opportunity to speak fitting words of hope and cheer. Like many of the younger scholars of our country, I am indebted to him more than I can say. The present work is based on lectures delivered in Baltimore before the students of the Johns Hopkins University, and in Ithaca before the students of Cornell University. Although these lectures have been thoroughly revised and, in fact, rewritten, traces of this origin will be found in a certain freedom of style and matter, which will, I trust, render the book neither less interesting nor less instructive. My aim is to give a perfectly fair, impartial presentation of modern communism and socialism in their two strongholds, France and Germany. I believe that, in so doing, I am rendering a service to the friends of law and order. RICHARD T. ELY. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, _August 3, 1883_. CONTENTS. Chapter Page I. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE LABORING CLASSES 1 II. BABŒUF 29 III. CABET 39 IV. SAINT-SIMON 53 V. FOURIER 81 VI. LOUIS BLANC 108 VII. PROUDHON 124 VIII. SOCIALISM IN FRANCE SINCE PROUDHON 143 IX. RODBERTUS 156 X. KARL MARX 170 XI. THE INTERNATIONAL WORKINGMEN’S ASSOCIATION 183