These are all fully described by Mons. Castan, who gives biographical accounts of their printers, the watermarks on their paper, their bindings, notes concerning their former owners, and, what is more to our purpose, descriptions of the ex-libris found in them. Of these there appear to be about 500, all being carefully indexed, but the confusing French practice is adopted of including manuscript entries of ownership amongst what we term book-plates. [Illustration: BOOK-PLATE OF JOAN DE MONTMEAU.] Several fine old armorials are reproduced, such as those of the “Bibliothèques des Grands-Carmes de Besançon, Claud Boisot Canon Cantoris Maj. Bisuntini Prioris Commen De Calce 1749.” (Two varieties.) Nameless armorial of Laurent Chiflet, and a few typographical “Ex Bibliotheca” and book-stamps. The plate inscribed “Bibliothèque des Grands-Carmes de Besançon” is one of the reproductions; it was found in a folio, printed in Venice, dated 1481, in which was also a written inscription “fr. B. Bouchier, Conventus Vallenceynarum 1522”--by which was meant the Convent of the Carmelites at Valenciennes. (See next page.) [Illustration: BOOK-PLATE OF THE CARMELITES OF BESANÇON.] [Illustration: BOOK-PLATE OF DR. FRANÇOIS ROBERT SECOUSSE.] Those who have been educated in France will remember the solemn annual distribution of prizes. The preparations that were made for weeks beforehand; the erection of the grand stand in the courtyard of the college for the authorities and visitors; the excitement of the day itself; the arrivals of the proud mothers and sisters; the stately procession of the principal, the under principals, the professors, and last of all, the poor, wretched, badgered _pions_ (resident class masters) up to the entrance to receive the Préfet of the Department and his staff, resplendent in court dresses stiff with gold embroidery; the prosy speeches, full of platitudes and truisms, addressed to the four or five hundred youngsters simmering in the August sun in closely buttoned-up military uniforms; the report of the principal that the conduct of all had been most exemplary, with other stereotyped phrases equally stale and devoid of truth; and then the solemn march up of the successful prize-winners, and their return laden with books (destined never to be read), gorgeously bound in purple and gold, or blue and silver. In each book was carefully inserted a book-plate, giving the name of the _lycée_, or college, the date, name of prize-winner, and nature of the examination. [Illustration] [Illustration: PRIZE LABEL OF DIEPPE COLLEGE.] The custom is so universal, and has been so long established, both in lay and clerical seminaries, that no class of book-plates is so common in France as these. [Illustration: BOOK-PLATE OF ALEXANDER LA MILLIERE.] [Illustration] CHAPTER XI. THE HUGUENOTS. Members of the Reformed Church in France had to submit to persecutions similar to those endured by their co-religionists in other European countries.