E-text prepared by Bryan Ness, Carol Brown, Sharon Joiner, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 36504-h.htm or 36504-h.zip: (https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/36504/pg36504-images.html) or (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36504/36504-h.zip) Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See http://www.archive.org/details/freshwatersponge00anna The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Published Under the Authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Edited by A. E. Shipley, M.A., Sc.D., HON. D.Sc., F.R.S. FRESHWATER SPONGES, HYDROIDS & POLYZOA. by N. ANNANDALE, D.SC., Superintendent and Trustee (_Ex Officio_) of the Indian Museum, Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and of the Calcutta University. London: Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, & Co. Bombay: Thacker & Co., Limited. Berlin: R. Friedländer & Sohn, 11 Carlstrasse. August, 1911. Printed at Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, Faridabad CONTENTS. Page EDITOR'S PREFACE v SYSTEMATIC INDEX vii GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Biological Peculiarities 2 Geographical Distribution 5 Geographical List 7 Special Localities 13 Nomenclature and Terminology 17 Material 20