Subfamily B. LOPHOPINÆ. Genus 1. LOPHOPODELLA, Rousselet (1904). 37. _L. carteri_* (Hyatt) (1865). 37 _a._ _L. carteri_ var. _himalayana_* (Annandale) (1907). Genus 2. PECTINATELLA, Leidy (1851). 38. _P. burmanica_*, Annandale (1908). Order CTENOSTOMATA. [Division VESICULARINA. Family VESICULARIDÆ. VESICULARIDÆ, Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, p. 512 (1880). Zooecia constricted at the base, deciduous, attached to a stem that is either recumbent or vertical. Genus BOWERBANKIA, _Farre_. _Bowerbankia_, Farre, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. cxxvii, p. 391 (1837). _Bowerbankia_, Hincks, _op. cit._ p. 518. _Zoarium_ vertical or recumbent. _Zooecia_ ovate or almost cylindrical, arranged on the stem singly, in clusters or in a subspiral line. _Polypide_ with 8 or 10 tentacles. Bowerbankia caudata, _Hincks_. _Bowerbankia caudata_, Hincks, _op. cit._ p. 521, pl. lxxv, figs. 7, 8. This species is easily distinguished from all others by the fact that mature zooecia have always the appearance of being fixed to the sides of a creeping, adherent stem and are produced, below the point at which they are thus fixed, into a pointed "tail." Subsp. bengalensis, _Annandale_. _Bowerbankia caudata_, Thornely, Rec. Ind. Mus. i, p. 196 (1907). _Bowerbankia caudata_, Annandale, _ibid._ p. 203. _Bowerbankia caudata_ race _bengalensis_, _id._, _ibid._ ii. p. 13 (1908). The Indian race is only distinguished from the typical form by its greater luxuriance of growth and by the fact that the "tail" of the zooecia is often of relatively great length, sometimes equaling or exceeding the rest of the zooecium. The stem, which is divided at irregular intervals by partitions, often crosses and recrosses its own course and even anastomoses, and a fur-like structure is formed in which the zooecia representing the hairs become much elongated; but upright branches are never formed. The zoarium has a greenish or greyish tinge. TYPE in the Indian Museum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.--_B. caudata_ subsp. _bengalensis_ is common in brackish water in the Ganges delta, where it often occurs in close association with _Victorella bengalensis_, and also at the south end of the Chilka Lake in the north-east of the Madras Presidency. Although it has not yet been found elsewhere, it probably occurs all round the Indian coasts.] Division PALUDICELLINA, nov. This division consists of two very distinct families, the species of which are easily distinguished at a glance by the fact that in one (the Paludicellidæ) the zooecia are tubular, while in the other (the Hislopiidæ) they are broad and flattened. The anatomical and physiological differences between the two families are important, and they are associated together mainly on account of the method of budding by means of which their zoaria are produced. [Illustration: Fig. 35.--Single zooecia of _Victorella_ and _Hislopia_ (magnified).