_Resting buds._ The peculiar structures known in Europe as "hibernacula" are only found in this family. The name hibernacula, however, is inappropriate to the only known Indian species as they are formed in this country at the approach of summer instead of, as in Europe and N. America, at that of winter. It is best, therefore, to call them "resting buds." They consist of masses of cells congregated at the base of the zooecia, gorged with food material and covered with a resistant horny covering. The family Paludicellidæ consists of three genera which may be distinguished as follows:-- I. Orifice terminal; main axis of the zooecium vertical; zooecia separated from one another by tubules. [A. Base of the zooecia not swollen; no adventitious buds POTTSIELLA.] B. Base of the zooecium swollen; adventitious buds produced near the tip VICTORELLA, p. 194. II. Orifice subterminal, distinctly on the dorsal surface; main axis of the zooecium horizontal (the zoarium being viewed from the dorsal surface); buds not produced at the tip of the zooecia PALUDICELLA, p. 192. Of these three genera, _Pottsiella_ has not yet been found in India and is only known to occur in N. America. It consists of one species, _P. erecta_ (Potts) from the neighbourhood of Philadelphia in the United States. _Victorella_ includes four species, _V. pavida_ known from England and Germany and said to occur in Australia, _V. mülleri_ from Germany (distinguished by possessing parietal muscles at the tip of the zooecia), _V. symbiotica_ from African lakes and _V. bengalensis_ from India. These species are closely related. _Paludicella_ is stated by Carter to have been found in Bombay, but probably what he really found was the young stage of _V. bengalensis_. A single species is known in Europe and N. America, namely _P. ehrenbergi_, van Beneden (=_Alcyonella articulata_, Ehrenberg). I have examined specimens of all the species of this family as yet known. Genus 1. PALUDICELLA, _Gervais_. _Paludicella_, Gervais, Compt. Rend. iii, p. 797 (1836). _Paludicella_, Allman, Mon. Fresh-Water Polyzoa, p. 113 (1857). ? _Paludicella_, Carter, Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) iii, p. 333 (1859). _Paludicella_, Jullien, Bull. Soc. zool. France, x, p. 174 (1885). _Paludicella_, Kraepelin, Deutsch. Süsswasserbryozoen, i, p. 96 (1887). _Paludicella_, Loppens, Ann. Biol. lacustre, iv, p. 14 (1910). _Zoarium._ The nature of the zoarium in this genus is well expressed by Ehrenberg's specific name "_articulata_," although the name was given under a false impression. The zooecia arise directly from one another in linear series with occasional side-branches. The side-branches are, however, often suppressed. The zoarium as a whole is either recumbent and adherent or at least partly vertical.