It is always difficult to see the collar of _Paludicella_, because of its transparency and because of the fact that its pleats are apparently not strengthened by chitinous rods as is usually the case. Allman neither mentions it in his description of the genus nor shows it in his figures, and Loppens denies its existence, but it is figured by Kraepelin and can always be detected in well-preserved specimens, if they are examined carefully. If the collar were actually absent, its absence would separate _Paludicella_ not only from _Victorella_ and _Pottsiella_, but also from all other ctenostomes. In any case, _Victorella_ is distinguished from _Paludicella_ and _Pottsiella_ by anatomical peculiarities (_e. g._, the possession of a gizzard and the absence of a second funiculus) that may ultimately be considered sufficiently great to justify its recognition as the type and only genus of a separate family or subfamily. The description of _Paludicella_ is included here on account of Carter's identification of the specimens he found at Bombay; but its occurrence in India is very doubtful. Genus 2. _VICTORELLA_, _Kent_. _Victorella_, Kent, Q. J. Micr. Sci. x, p. 34 (1870). _Victorella_, Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, p. 559 (1880). _Victorella_, Kraepelin, Deutsch. Süsswasserbryozoen, i, p. 93 (1887). TYPE, _Victorella pavida_, Kent. _Zoarium._ The zoarium consists primarily of a number of erect or semi-erect tubular zooecia joined together at the base in a cruciform manner by slender tubules, but complications are introduced by the fact that adventitious buds and tubules are produced, often in large numbers, round the terminal region of the zooecia, and that these buds are often separated from their parent zooecium by a tubule of considerable length, and take root among other zooecia at a distance from their point of origin. A tangled mass may thus be formed in which it is difficult to recognize the regular arrangement of the zooecia that can be readily detached at the growing points of the zoarium. _Zooecia._ The zooecia when young closely resemble those of _Paludicella_, but as they grow the terminal upturned part increases rapidly, while the horizontal basal part remains almost stationary and finally appears as a mere swelling at the base of an almost vertical tube, in which by far the greater part, if not the whole, of the polypide is contained. Round the terminal part of this tube adventitious buds and tubules are arranged more or less regularly. There are no parietal muscles.