_Gemmules_ very small, only visible to the naked eye as minute specks, as a rule numerous, free in the substance of the sponge, each provided with a slender foraminal tubule and covered with a thick granular coat in which the gemmule-spicules are arranged almost horizontally; a horizontal layer of spicules also present on the external surface of the gemmule; gemmule-spicules very numerous. [Illustration: Fig. 10.--Gemmules and fragment of the skeleton of _Spongilla cinerea_ (from type specimen), × 35.] This sponge is easily distinguished from its Indian allies by the form of its skeleton-spicules, which are, as Bowerbank expresses it, "subspined"; that it to say, under a high power of the microscope their outline appears to be very minutely serrated, although under a low power they seem to be quite smooth. The spicules also are smaller than those of _S. alba_, the only species with which _S. cinerea_ is likely to be confused, and the gemmule has a well-developed foraminal tubule; the skeleton is much closer than in _S. proliferens_. TYPE in the British Museum; a piece in the Indian Museum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.--_S. cinerea_ is only known from the Bombay Presidency. Carter obtained the original specimens at Bombay and the only ones I have found were collected at Nasik, which is situated on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, about 90 miles to the north-east. BIOLOGY.--Carter's specimens were growing on gravel, rocks and stones at the edge of "tanks," and were seldom covered for more than six months in the year. Mine were on the sides of a stone conduit built to facilitate bathing by conveying a part of the water of the Godaveri River under a bridge. They were accompanied by _Spongilla indica_ and _Corvospongilla lapidosa_ (the only other sponges I have found in running water in India) and in the month of November appeared to be in active growth. 5. Spongilla travancorica*, _Annandale_. _Spongilla travancorica_, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 101, pl. xii, fig. 1 (1909). _Sponge_ small, encrusting, without branches, hard but brittle; its structure somewhat loose; colour dirty white. Dermal membrane in close contact with the skeleton; pores and oscula inconspicuous. Surface minutely hispid, smooth and rounded as a whole. _Skeleton_ consisting of moderately stout and coherent radiating fibres and well-defined transverse ones; a number of horizontal megascleres present at the base and surface, but not arranged in any definite order. No basal membrane. [Illustration: Fig. 11.--Microscleres of _Spongilla travancorica_. A=Gemmule-spicules; B=flesh-spicules (from type specimen), × 240.]