_Spicules._ Skeleton-spicules smooth, pointed at either end, moderately stout, straight or curved, sometimes angularly bent; curvature usually slight. Free microscleres abundant in the dermal membrane, slender, nearly straight, gradually and sharply pointed, profusely ornamented with short straight spines, which are much more numerous and longer at the middle than near the ends. Gemmule-spicules stouter and rather longer, cylindrical, terminating at each end in a sharp spine, ornamented with shorter spines, which are more numerous and longer at the ends than at the middle; at the ends they are sometimes directed backwards, without, however, being curved. _Gemmules_ firmly adherent to the support of the sponge, at the base of which they form a layer one gemmule thick; each provided with at least one foraminal tubule, which is straight and conical: two tubules, one at the top and one at one side, usually present. Granular layer well developed. Spicules arranged irregularly in this layer, as a rule being more nearly vertical than horizontal but pointing in all directions, not confined externally by a membrane; no external layer of horizontal spicules. _Measurements of Spicules and Gemmules._ Length of skeleton-spicules 0.289-0.374 mm. Greatest diameter of skeleton-spicules 0.012-0.016 " Length of free microscleres 0.08-0.096 " Greatest diameter of free microscleres 0.002 mm. Length of gemmule-spicules 0.1-0.116 " Diameter of gemmule-spicule 0.008 mm. " " gemmule 0.272-0.374 " This species is easily distinguished from its allies of the subgenus _Euspongilla_ by its adherent gemmules with their (usually) multiple apertures and rough external surface. TYPE in the collection of the Indian Museum. HABITAT. Backwater near Shasthancottah, Travancore, in slightly brackish water; on the roots of shrubs growing at the edge; November, 1908 (_Annandale_). The specimens were dead when found. 6. Spongilla hemephydatia*, _Annandale_. _Spongilla hemephydatia_, Annandale, Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, p. 275 (1909). [Illustration: Fig. 12.--Gemmule and spicules of _Spongilla hemephydatia_ (from type specimen).] _Sponge_ soft, fragile, amorphous, of a dirty yellow colour, with large oscula, which are not conspicuously raised above the surface but open into very wide horizontal channels in the substance of the sponge. The oscular collars are fairly well developed, but the subepidermal space is not extensive. _Skeleton_ diffuse, consisting of very fine radiating fibres, which are crossed at wide and irregular intervals by still finer transverse ones; very little chitinoid substance present.