From NEWTON to EINSTEIN Changing Conceptions of THE UNIVERSE BY BENJAMIN HARROW, Ph.D. SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED With Articles by Prof. Einstein, Prof. J. S. Ames (Johns Hopkins), Sir Frank Dyson (Astronomer Royal), Prof. A. S. Eddington (Cambridge) and Sir J. J. Thomson (President of the Royal Society) Portraits and Illustrations NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY Eight Warren Street 1920 PREFACE Einstein's contributions to our ideas of time and space, and to our knowledge of the universe in general, are of so momentous a nature, that they easily take their place among the two or three greatest achievements of the twentieth century. This little book attempts to give, in popular form, an account of this work. As, however, Einstein's work is so largely dependent upon the work of Newton and Newton's successors, the first two chapters are devoted to the latter. B. H. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION The preparation of this new edition has made it possible to correct errors, to further amplify certain portions of the text and to enlarge the ever-increasing bibliography on the subject. Photographs of Professors J. J. Thomson, Michelson, Minkowski and Lorentz are also new features in this edition. The explanatory notes and articles in the Appendix will, I believe, present no difficulties to readers who have mastered the contents of the book. They are in fact "popular expositions" of various phases of the Einstein theory; but experience has shown that even "popular expositions" of the theory need further "popular introductions." I wish to take this opportunity of thanking Prof. Einstein, Prof. A. A. Michelson of the University of Chicago, Prof. J. S. Ames of Johns Hopkins University, and Professor G. B. Pegram of Columbia University for help in various ways which they were good enough to extend to me. Prof. J. S. Ames and the editor of Science have been kind enough to allow me to reprint the former's excellent presidential address on Einstein's theory, delivered before the members of the American Physical Society. B. H. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Newton 1 II. The Ether and Its Consequences 27 III. Einstein 41 IV. Appendix 81