Just as Newton conceived of absolute space, so he conceived of absolute
time. From the latter standard of reference the idea of a "simultaneity
of events" at different places arose. But now if there is no standard
of reference, if the ether does not exist or does not function, if
two points A and B cannot be referred to a third, and fixed point C,
how can we talk of "simultaneity of events" at A and B? [10]
In fact, Einstein shows that if all you can speak about is relative
motion, then one event which takes say one minute on one planet would
not take one minute on another. For consider two bodies in space,
say the planets Venus and the earth, with an observer B on Venus
and another A on the earth. B notes the time taken for a ray of
light to travel from B to the distance M. A on the earth has means
of observing the same event. B records one minute. A is puzzled,
for his watch records a little more than one minute. What is the
explanation? Granting that the two clocks register the same time
to start with, and assuming further Einstein's hypothesis that the
velocity of light is independent of its source, the difference in
time is due to the fact that the planet Venus moves with reference to
the observer on the earth; so that A in reality does not measure the
path BM and MB, but BM' and M'B', where BB' represents the distance
Venus itself has moved in the interval. And if you put yourself in B's
position on Venus the situation is exactly reversed. All of which is
simply another way of saying that what is a certain time on one body
in space is another time on another body in space. There is nothing
definite in time.
Prof. Cohen's Illustration. Further bewildering possibilities are
clearly outlined in this apt illustration: "If when you are going away
on a long and continuous journey you write home at regular intervals,
you should not be surprised that with the best possible mail service
your letters will reach home at progressively longer intervals,
since each letter will have a greater distance to travel than its
predecessor. If you were armed with instruments to hear the home
clock ticking, you would find that as your distance from home keeps
on increasing, the intervals between the successive ticks (that is,
its seconds) grow longer, so that if you travelled with the velocity
of sound the home clock would seem to slow down to a standstill--you
would never hear the next tick.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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