[2] _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geschichte_, Vols. XXXVII. and XXXIX. [3] Cf. _Le Théatre Indien_, Paris, 1890. [4] Cf. _Wiener Zeitsch, für die Kunde des Morgenlandes_, Vol. XVIII. 1904. [5] Leipzig, 1908. [6] _Op. cit_. p. 105. [7] _Ib_. p. 230. [8] _Ib_. p. 292, for sources, and variants of tale. [9] On this point cf. Cornford, _Origin of Attic Comedy_, pp. 8, 78, for importance of this feature. [10] _Op. cit_. pp. 161-170, for general discussion of question, and summary of authorities. Also pp. 297 _et seq_. [11] Cf. _Legend of Sir Peceval_, Vol. I. Chapter 3. [12] MS. Bibl. Nat., f. Fr. 12576, fo. 173. Cf. also _Legend of Sir Perceval_, I. Chap. 4. [13] Malory, _Le Morte Arthure_, Book XIV. Chaps. 8 and 9. Potvin, ll. 40420 _et seq_. CHAPTER IV [1] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, p. 5. [2] In this connection not only the epoch-making works of Mannhardt and Frazer, which are more specifically devoted to an examination of Folk-belief and practice should be studied, but also works such as _The Mediaeval Stage_, E. K. Chambers; _Themis_, J. E. Harrison; _The Origin of Attic Comedy_, F. Cornford; and Sir Gilbert Murray’s essay on the evolution of the Greek Drama, published in Miss Harrison’s _Themis_. The cumulative evidence is most striking. [3] A full study of this evolutionary process will be found in Miss Harrison’s _Themis, A Study of Greek Social Origins_, referred to above. [4] Baudissin, in his exhaustive study of these cults, _Adonis und Esmun_, comes to the conclusion that Tammuz and Adonis are different gods, owing their origin to a common parent deity. Where the original conception arose is doubtful; whether in Babylon, in Canaan, or in a land where the common ancestors of Phoenicians and Babylonian Semites formed an original unit. [5] Cf. _Tammuz and Ishtar_, S. Langdon, p. 5. [6] It may be well to note here the the ‘Life’ deity has no proper name; he is only known by an appellative; _Damu-zi, Damu_, ‘faithful son,’ or ‘son and consort,’ is only a general epithet, which designates the dying god in a theological aspect, just as the name _Adōni_, ‘my lord,’ certainly replaced a more specific name for the god of Byblos. _Esmun_ of Sidon, another type of Adonis, is a title only, and means simply, ‘the name.’ Cf. Langdon, _op. cit_. p. 7. Cf. this with previous passages on the evolution of the Greek idea from a nameless entity to a definite god. Mr Langdon’s remarks on the evolution of the Tammuz cult should be carefully studied in view of the theory maintained by Sir W. Ridgeway—that the Vegetation deities were all of them originally men. [7] From a liturgy employed at Nippur in the period of the Isin dynasty. Langdon, _op. cit_. p. 11. Also, _Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms_, p. 338. [8] Cf. Langdon, _Tammuz and Ishtar_, p. 23.