Enquiry may commence with early Aryan tradition. The _Rig-Veda_. Extreme importance assigned to Indra’s feat of “Freeing the Waters.” This also specific achievement of Grail heroes. Extracts from _Rig-Veda_. Dramatic poems and monologues. Professor von Schroeder’s theory. _Mysterium und Mimus. Ṛishyaçṛiñga_ drama. Parallels with _Perceval_ story. Result, the specific task of the Grail hero not a literary invention but an inheritance of Aryan tradition. CHAPTER IV Tammuz and Adonis General objects to be attained by these Nature Cults. Stimulation of Fertility, Animal and Vegetable. Principle of Life ultimately conceived of in anthropomorphic form. This process already advanced in _Rig-Veda_. Greek Mythology preserves intermediate stage. The _Eniautos Daimon_. Tammuz—earliest known representative of Dying God. Character of the worship. Origin of the name. _Lament for Tammuz_. His death affects not only Vegetable but Animal life. Lack of artistic representation of Mysteries. Mr Langdon’s suggestion. Ritual possibly dramatic. Summary of evidence. Adonis—Phoenician-Greek equivalent of Tammuz. Probably most popular and best known form of Nature Cult. Mythological tale of Adonis. Enquiry into nature of injury. Importance of recognizing true nature of these cults and of the ritual observed. Varying dates of celebration. Adonis probably originally _Eniautos Daimon_. Principle of Life in general, hence lack of fixity in date. Details of the ritual. Parallels with the Grail legend examined. Dead Knight or Disabled King. Consequent misfortunes of Land. The Weeping Women. The Hairless Maiden. Position of Castle. Summing up. Can incidents of such remote antiquity be used as criticism for a Medieval text? CHAPTER V Medieval and Modern Forms of Nature Ritual Is it possible to establish chain of descent connecting early Aryan and Babylonian Ritual with Classic, Medieval and Modern forms of Nature worship? Survival of Adonis cult established. Evidence of Mannhardt and Frazer. Existing Continental customs recognized as survivals of ancient beliefs. Instances. ‘Directly related’ to Attis-Adonis cult. Von Schroeder establishes parallel between existing Fertility procession and _Rig-Veda_ poem. Identification of Life Principle with King. Prosperity of land dependent on king as representative of god. Celts. Greeks. Modern instances, the Shilluk Kings. Parallel between Shilluk King, Grail King and Vegetation Deity. _Sone de Nansai_ and the _Lament for Tammuz_. Identity of situation. Plea for unprejudiced criticism. Impossibility of such parallels being fortuitous; the result of deliberate intention, not an accident of literary invention. If identity of central character be admitted his relation to Waste Land becomes fundamental factor in criticizing versions. Another African survival. CHAPTER VI The Symbols