Produced by Jan-Fabian Humann and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) UNITED STATES SENATE FUNDAMENTAL PEACE IDEAS _including_ THE WESTPHALIAN PEACE TREATY (1648) _and_ THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1919) _in connection with_ International Psychology and Revolutions By ARTHUR MAC DONALD Anthropologist: Washington, D. C. (Reprinted from the Congressional Record July 1, 1919, United States Senate) [Illustration] WASHINGTON 1919 125746--19572 [Illustration] The Westphalian Peace Treaty (1648) and the League of Nations (1919) in Connection With International Psychology and Revolutions. BY ARTHUR MAC DONALD, Anthropologist, Washington, D. C, and Honorary President of the International Congress of Criminal Anthropology of Europe. INTRODUCTION. The League of Nations may only be a first step in the direction of permanent peace, yet not a few persons seem doubtful of its utility. However, the league may be the lesser evil as compared with the old régime, which appears to have resulted in total failure after a very long and fair trial. Whatever be the ultimate outcome of the league and of the problems to be solved, the one encouraging thing is that all the people are thinking seriously on the subject and longing for some way to stop war. It may be true that lasting peace can only be secured when both people and leaders (sometimes the people lead the leaders) realize the necessity of peace and the senselessness of war. But to reach such a happy realization of the truth what are we, the people, to do now? Already the discussions of the league (pro and con) have fertilized the soil; the minds of the people are open as never before; and now is the supreme moment to sow peace seeds. The sooner, more thoroughly, and wider they are scattered, the better. In this way we may be able to so impress peace ideas upon everyone, as to avoid the terrible necessity of a future war, in which both sides become exhausted, as in the Thirty Years' War, which would be a much more horrible war than the present war. To escape such a catastrophe and make a league of nations or any kind of peace arrangements endure is preeminently an educational problem, and consists mainly in repeatedly filling the minds of the people, old and young, everywhere with fundamental peace conceptions. Shall we not begin at once and persist in doing this until political wars become as impossible in the future as religious wars are now? SUGGESTIONS OF THE PEACE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA FOR THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.[1]