[Illustration: FIG. 49.--Spore of _Hendersonia polycystis_.] [Illustration: FIG. 50.--Spores of _Dilophospora graminis_.] [Illustration: FIG. 51.--Spores of _Discosia_.] [Illustration: FIG. 52.--Spore of _Prosthemium betulinum_.] [Illustration: FIG. 53.--Spore of _Stegonosporium cellulosum_.] [Illustration: FIG. 54.--Stylospores of _Coryneum disciforme_.] [Illustration: FIG. 55.--Spores of _Asterosporium Hoffmanni_.] [Illustration: FIG. 56.--Spores of _Pestalozzia_.] [Illustration: FIG. 57.--_Bispora monilioides_.] The _Torulacei_ externally, and to the naked eye, are very similar to the black moulds, and the mode of dissemination will be alike in both. The spores are chiefly compound, at first resembling septate threads, and at length breaking up into joints, each joint of which possesses the function of a spore. In some instances the threads are connate, side by side, as in _Torula hysterioides_, and in _Speira_, being concentrically arranged in laminæ in the latter genus. The structure in _Sporochisma_ is very peculiar, the joints breaking up within an external tube or membrane. The spores in _Sporidesmium_ appear to consist of irregular masses of cells, agglomerated into a kind of compound spore. Most of the species become pulverulent, and the spores are easily diffused through the air like an impalpable dust. They form a sort of link between the stylospores of one section of the _Coniomycetes_, and the pseudospores of the parasitical section. PSEUDOSPORE is, perhaps, the most fitting name which can be applied to the so-called spores of the parasitical _Coniomycetes_. Their peculiar germination, and the production of reproductive bodies on the germ tubes, prove their analogy to some extent with the prothallus of other cryptogams, and necessitate the use of some term to distinguish them from such spores as are reproductive without the intervention of a promycelium. The differences between these pseudospores in the several genera are confined in some instances to their septation, in others to their mode of development. In the _Æcidiacei_ the pseudospores are more or less globose, produced in chains within an external cellular peridium. In the _Cæomacei_ they are simple, sometimes produced in chains, and sometimes free, with or without a caduceous peduncle. In the _Ustilaginei_ they are simple, dark coloured, and occasionally attached in subglobose masses, as in _Urocystis_ and _Thecaphora_, which, are more or less compact. In the _Pucciniæi_ the distinctive features of the genera are based upon the more or less complex nature of the pseudospores, which are bilocular in _Puccinia_, trilocular in _Triphragmium_, multilocular in _Phragmidium_, &c. In the curious genus _Podisoma_ the septate pseudospores are involved in a gelatinous element. The diffusion of these fruits is more or less complete according to their compact or pulverulent nature. In some species of _Puccinia_ the sori are so