compact that they remain attached to the leaves long after they are dead and fallen. In the genus _Melampsora_, the wedge-shaped winter-pseudospores are not perfected until after the dead leaves have for a long time remained and almost rotted on the ground. It is probable that their ultimate diffusion is only accomplished by the rotting and disintegration of the matrix. In the _Cæomacei_, _Ustilaginei_, and _Æcidiacei_ the pseudospores are pulverulent, as in some species of _Puccinia_, and are easily diffused by the motion of the leaves in the wind, or the contact of passing bodies. Their diffusion in the atmosphere seems to be much less than in the case of the _Hyphomycetes_. By what means such a species as _Puccinia malvacearum_, which has very compact sori, has become within so short a period diffused over such a wide area, is a problem which in the present state of our knowledge must remain unsolved. It may be through minute and plentiful secondary spores. [Illustration: FIG. 58.--Pseudospores of _Thecaphora hyalina_.] [Illustration: FIG. 59.--Pseudospores of _Puccinia_.] [Illustration: FIG. 60.--Pseudospores of _Triphragmium_.] [Illustration: FIG. 61.--Pseudospores of _Phragmidium bulbosum_.] [Illustration: FIG. 62.--_Melampsora salicina._ (Winter fruit.)] SPERMATIA are very minute delicate bodies found associated with many of the epiphyllous _Coniomycetes_, and it has been supposed are produced in conjunction with some of the _Sphæriacei_, but their real function is at present obscure, and the name is applied rather upon conjecture than knowledge. It is by no means improbable that spermatia do exist extensively amongst fungi, but we must wait in patience for the history of their relationship.