[I] On the relation or connection between fungi and lichens, H. C. Sorby has some pertinent remarks in his communication to the Royal Society on "Comparative Vegetable Chromatology" (Proceedings Royal Society, vol. xxi. 1873, p. 479), as one result of his spectroscopic examinations. He says, "Such being the relations between the organs of reproduction and the foliage, it is to some extent possible to understand the connection between parasitic plants like fungi, which do not derive their support from the constructive energy of their fronds, and those which are self-supporting and possess true fronds. In the highest classes of plants the flowers are connected with the leaves, more especially by means of xanthophyll and yellow xanthophyll, whereas in the case of lichens the apothecia contain very little, if any, of those substances, but a large amount of the lichenoxanthines so characteristic of the class. Looking upon fungi from this chromatological point of view, they bear something like the same relation to lichens that the petals of a leafless parasitic plant would bear to the foliage of one of normal character--that is to say, they are, as it were, the coloured organs of reproduction of parasitic plants of a type closely approaching that of lichens, which, of course, is in very close, if not in absolute agreement with the conclusions drawn by botanists from entirely different data." [J] Schwendener, "Untersuchungen über den Flechtenthallus." [K] Crombie (J. M.) "On the Lichen-Gonidia Question," in "Popular Science Review" for July, 1874. [L] Bornet, (E.), "Recherches sur les Gonidies des Lichens," in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 1873, 5 sér. vol. xvii. [M] Nylander, "On the Algo-Lichen Hypothesis," &c., in "Grevillea," vol. ii. (1874), No. 22, p. 146. [N] In Regensburg "Flora," 1870, p. 92. [O] Rev. J. M. Crombie, in "Popular Science Review," July, 1874. [P] Berkeley's "Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 373, fig. 78_a._ [Q] Berkeley's "Introduction," p. 341, fig. 76. [R] "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," April, 1849. [S] In "Gardener's Chronicle" for 1873, p. 1341. [T] "Grevillea," vol ii. p. 147, in note. [U] W. Archer, in "Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci." vol. xiii. p. 217; vol. xiv. p. 115. Translation of Schwendener's "Nature of the Gonidia of Lichens," in same journal, vol. xiii. p. 235. II. STRUCTURE.