interesting and peculiar, and may be studied in detail in Tulasne's memoir on this group. SPHÆRONEMEI.--In this very large and, within certain limits, variable order, there is but little of interest as regards structure, which is not better illustrated elsewhere; as, for instance, some sort of perithecium is always present, but this can be better studied in the _Sphæriacei_. The spores are mostly very minute, borne on delicate sporophores, which originate from the inner surface of the perithecia, but the majority of so-called species are undoubtedly conditions of sphæriaceous fungi, either spermatogonia or pycnidia, and are of much more interest when studied in connection with the higher forms to which they belong.[Z] Probably the number of complete and autonomous species are very few. [Illustration: FIG. 14.--_Cyathus._ _a._ Sporangium. _b._ Section. _c._ Sporophore. _d._ Spores.] MELANCONIEI.--Here, again, are associated together a great number of what formerly were considered good species of fungi, but which are now known to be but conditions of other forms. One great point of distinction between these and the preceding is the absence of any true perithecium, the spores being produced in a kind of spurious receptacle, or from a sort of stroma. The spores are, as a rule, larger and much more attractive than in _Sphæronemei_, and, in some instances, are either very fine, or very curious. Under this head we may mention the multiseptate spores of _Coryneum_; the tri-radiate spores of _Asterosporium_; the curious crested spores of _Pestalozzia_; the doubly crested spores of _Dilophospora_; and the scarcely less singular gelatinous coated spores of _Cheirospora_. In all cases the fructification is abundant, and the spores frequently ooze out in tendrils, or form a black mass above the spurious receptacle from which they issue.[a] [Illustration: FIG. 15.--_Asterosporium Hoffmanni._] TORULACEI.--In this order there seems at first to be a considerable resemblance to the _Dematiei_, except that the threads are almost obsolete, and the plant is reduced to chains of spores, without trace of perithecium, investing cuticle, or definite stroma. Sometimes the spores are simple, in other cases septate, and in _Sporochisma_ are at first produced in an investing cell. In most cases simple threads at length become septate, and are ultimately differentiated into spores, which separate at the joints when fully mature. [Illustration: FIG. 16.--Barren Cysts and Pseudospores of _Lecythea_.] [Illustration: FIG. 17.--_Coleosporium Tussilaginis_, Lev.] [Illustration: FIG. 18.--_Melampsora salicina._]